scholarly journals Influence of small-scale patchiness on resilience of nutrient cycling to extended hypoxia in estuarine sediments

2012 ◽  
Vol 453 ◽  
pp. 49-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Banks ◽  
DJ Ross ◽  
MJ Keough ◽  
CK Macleod ◽  
BD Eyre
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Estuarine Sediments ◽  
Small Scale

scholarly journals Small-scale permeability heterogeneity has negligible effects on nutrient cycling in streambeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1118-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bardini ◽  
F. Boano ◽  
M.B. Cardenas ◽  
A.H. Sawyer ◽  
R. Revelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Permeability Heterogeneity

scholarly journals Decomposition and stabilization of the organic matter in an old-growth tropical riparian forest: effects of soil properties and vegetation structure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Fernandes ◽  
Andrea Teixeira Souza ◽  
Marcel Tanaka ◽  
Renata Sebastiani
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Forest Structure ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Decomposition Processes

Abstract Background: Nutrient cycling in tropical forests has large importance for primary productivity, and decomposition of litterfall is a major process influencing nutrient balance in forest soils. Although large-scale factors strongly influence decomposition patterns, small-scale factors can have major influences, especially in old-growth forests that have high structural complexity and strong plant-soil correlations. Methods: We evaluated decomposition rates and stabilization of soil organic matter using the Tea Bag Index in an old-growth riparian forest in southeastern Brazil. We buried 50 pairs of green and red tea at two distances from the watercourse to evaluate the effects of forest structure and soil properties on decomposition processes. Forest structure and soil properties were described using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The main axes for each analysis were considered predictors of decomposition processes using a structural equations model.Results: Decomposition rates presented a large variation among tea bags and were positively correlated with forest structure, as characterized by higher basal area, larger trees, and tree density. Higher decomposition rates were probably correlated with higher litter production and microbial activity. On the other hand, stabilization factor was related mainly to soil chemical properties, with higher values with increased soil fertility as indicated by the PCA axes. Further analyses evaluated the effects of clay content, soil moisture, soil organic matter, soil base saturation, and soil fertility as predictors of the stabilization factor. These predictors were highly correlated, but clay content was the best predictor, explaining 79% of the variation among plots. Conclusions: These results showed that this old-growth forest presented high heterogeneity in both forest structure and soil properties at small spatial scales, that influenced decomposition processes and contributed to small-scale variation in nutrient cycling. Heterogeneity in ecological processes can contribute to the resilience of old-growth forests, strengthening ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and carbon fixation, and highlighting the importance of restoration strategies focused in the recovery of ecosystem processes

Reasons to strike first

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Buckner ◽  
Luke Glowacki
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Small Scale

Abstract De Dreu and Gross predict that attackers will have more difficulty winning conflicts than defenders. As their analysis is presumed to capture the dynamics of decentralized conflict, we consider how their framework compares with ethnographic evidence from small-scale societies, as well as chimpanzee patterns of intergroup conflict. In these contexts, attackers have significantly more success in conflict than predicted by De Dreu and Gross's model. We discuss the possible reasons for this disparity.

Exploring Coronal Structures with SOHO

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 403-406
Author(s):  
M. Karovska ◽  
B. Wood ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
J. Cook ◽  
R. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
Image Enhancement ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Contrast Structures ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Small Scale Structures ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractWe applied advanced image enhancement techniques to explore in detail the characteristics of the small-scale structures and/or the low contrast structures in several Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) observed by SOHO. We highlight here the results from our studies of the morphology and dynamical evolution of CME structures in the solar corona using two instruments on board SOHO: LASCO and EIT.

Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy: New tools for biology

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 778-779
Author(s):  
CE Bracker ◽  
P. K. Hansma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Property ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
New Family ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Transmission Electron

A new family of scanning probe microscopes has emerged that is opening new horizons for investigating the fine structure of matter. The earliest and best known of these instruments is the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). First published in 1982, the STM earned the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for two of its inventors, G. Binnig and H. Rohrer. They shared the prize with E. Ruska for his work that had led to the development of the transmission electron microscope half a century earlier. It seems appropriate that the award embodied this particular blend of the old and the new because it demonstrated to the world a long overdue respect for the enormous contributions electron microscopy has made to the understanding of matter, and at the same time it signalled the dawn of a new age in microscopy. What we are seeing is a revolution in microscopy and a redefinition of the concept of a microscope.Several kinds of scanning probe microscopes now exist, and the number is increasing. What they share in common is a small probe that is scanned over the surface of a specimen and measures a physical property on a very small scale, at or near the surface. Scanning probes can measure temperature, magnetic fields, tunneling currents, voltage, force, and ion currents, among others.

Superstructures and ordering phenomena in ceramic superconductors

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 710-711
Author(s):  
R. Gronsky
Keyword(s):  
Domain Growth ◽  
Small Displacement ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ceramic Superconductors ◽  
Oxygen Sublattices ◽  
Tweed Contrast ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Representative Image ◽  
Static Lattice ◽  
Modulation Wavelength

It is now well established that the phase transformation behavior of YBa2Cu3O6+δ is significantly influenced by matrix strain effects, as evidenced by the formation of accommodation twins, the occurrence of diffuse scattering in diffraction patterns, the appearance of tweed contrast in electron micrographs, and the generation of displacive modulation superstructures, all of which have been successfully modeled via simple Monte Carlo simulations. The model is based upon a static lattice formulation with two types of excitations, one of which is a change in oxygen occupancy, and the other a small displacement of both the copper and oxygen sublattices. Results of these simulations show that a displacive superstructure forms very rapidly in a morphology of finely textured domains, followed by domain growth and a more sharply defined modulation wavelength, ultimately evolving into a strong <110> tweed with 5 nm to 7 nm period. What is new about these findings is the revelation that both the small-scale deformation superstructures and coarser tweed morphologies can result from displacive modulations in ordered YBa2Cu3O6+δ and need not be restricted to domain coarsening of the disordered phase. Figures 1 and 2 show a representative image and diffraction pattern for fully-ordered (δ = 1) YBa2Cu3O6+δ associated with a long-period <110> modulation.

Indirect Assessment of Attitudes with Response-Time-Based Measures

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Degner ◽  
Dirk Wentura ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Scale Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Abstract: We review research on response-latency based (“implicit”) measures of attitudes by examining what hopes and intentions researchers have associated with their usage. We identified the hopes of (1) gaining better measures of interindividual differences in attitudes as compared to self-report measures (quality hope); (2) better predicting behavior, or predicting other behaviors, as compared to self-reports (incremental validity hope); (3) linking social-cognitive theories more adequately to empirical research (theory-link hope). We argue that the third hope should be the starting point for using these measures. Any attempt to improve these measures should include the search for a small-scale theory that adequately explains the basic effects found with such a measure. To date, small-scale theories for different measures are not equally well developed.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Evaluating the resistance of test systems to small scale cheating

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Guo ◽  
Louis Tay ◽  
Fritz Drasgow
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Systems
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