Diseases and parasites of wild and cultivated mussels along the Patagonian coast of Argentina, southwest Atlantic Ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
N Vázquez ◽  
A Frizzera ◽  
F Cremonte
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Southwest Atlantic ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Habitat Factors ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence ◽  
Patagonian Coast ◽  
Ecological Habitat ◽  
Cultivated Populations

A histological survey of the commercially edible mussels Mytilus platensis and M. chilensis from wild and cultivated populations along the coast of Patagonia, Argentina (42°00’ to 54°47’S), was carried out to determine their health status. Diagnostic results included 3 types of inflammatory responses (infiltrative, nodular, and encapsulation), disseminated neoplasia disease, 2 abnormal reproductive conditions (gonadal atresia and intersex), prokaryotic inclusions, protozoans, and metazoans. Pathogen prevalence and infection intensity among mussels of different sampling sites and between those of wild and cultivated populations were compared. Inflammatory responses were recorded in all mussels from all sites, while disseminated neoplasia only occurred in the most southern cultivated M. chilensis. Intracellular prokaryotic inclusions were broadly distributed in the mussels from both northern and southern Patagonian coasts. Ciliates showed the highest prevalence among wild mussels from the colder waters of Bahía Brown. Turbellaria were recorded at higher prevalence in cultured mussels (41.7%), and trematode metacercariae occurred exclusively in intertidal wild mussels. None of the parasites found appears to be a problem to the fishery or farming, although disseminated neoplasia should be monitored. In addition, we found that mytilid species coexisting with M. platensis (Aulacomya atra and Perumytilus purpuratus) at one location shared the same pathological conditions and parasites, which differed from those of M. platensis at a distant locality. These results suggest that pathological conditions and parasites were influenced more by ecological habitat factors than by the species of mussels present, based on similar parasite assemblages found among closely related mytilid hosts in the same geographical area.

Recapitulation of Particulate matter Effected Human Alveolus on Chip Inflammatory Responses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiza Jabbar ◽  
Young Su Kim ◽  
Afaque Manzoor Soomro ◽  
Arun Asif ◽  
Young Jae Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Ph Sensor ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Chip Technology ◽  
On Chip

Abstract Background Particulate matter (PM10) pollution around the globe is a major risk factor for inducing respiratory diseases, How-ever such environmental conditions are a challenge to study in trans-well culture system. Micro-physiological system offers potential for mimicking these phenomena for better understanding of possible hazards to human respiratory health. In this study we are introducing an efficient alveolus on a chip for reconstituting this environmental condition in a microfluidic device by in house built TEER sensor, system embedded pH sensor and portable microscope for continuous monitoring of the alveolus on chip. Results Three environmental conditions with respect to particulate matter in air Moderate 7.5 μg/ml , Poor 37.5 μg/ml and very poor 151 μg/ml of particulate matter exposure was executed in our microfluidic system. Our study provides physiological and toxicological data of the stimulated environmental condition by inflammatory markers of respiratory disease which leads to the identification of asthma and COPD, our claims were validated by confocal microscopy and ELISA. Significant increase in IL-13, IL-6 and Mucin advocated the incidence of asthma and COPD like conditions in our organ on chip. Conclusion This study will lead to identification of potential therapeutics to study physiological and pathological conditions and will help in preventing chronic life-threatening toxicities. This device has provided the preliminary information for making this breakthrough in organ-on-chip technology. In future his device would help to make complex tissue mimetics of human for toxicity testing and drug discovery with system integrated pathological sensors for replacing time consuming molecular analysis of pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Matrix Metalloproteinase Mmp-1a Is Dispensable for Normal Growth and Fertility in Mice and Promotes Lung Cancer Progression by Modulating Inflammatory Responses

2013 ◽  
Vol 288 (20) ◽  
pp. 14647-14656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Fanjul-Fernández ◽  
Alicia R. Folgueras ◽  
Antonio Fueyo ◽  
Milagros Balbín ◽  
María F. Suárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chemical Carcinogens ◽  
Lung Carcinomas ◽  
Pathological Conditions

Human MMP-1 is a matrix metalloproteinase repeatedly associated with many pathological conditions, including cancer. Thus, MMP1 overexpression is a poor prognosis marker in a variety of advanced cancers, including colorectal, breast, and lung carcinomas. Moreover, MMP-1 plays a key role in the metastatic behavior of melanoma, breast, and prostate cancer cells. However, functional and mechanistic studies on the relevance of MMP-1 in cancer have been hampered by the absence of an in vivo model. In this work, we have generated mice deficient in Mmp1a, the murine ortholog of human MMP1. Mmp1a−/− mice are viable and fertile and do not exhibit obvious abnormalities, which has facilitated studies of cancer susceptibility. These studies have shown a decreased susceptibility to develop lung carcinomas induced by chemical carcinogens in Mmp1a−/− mice. Histopathological analysis indicated that tumors generated in Mmp1a−/− mice are smaller than those of wild-type mice, consistently with the idea that the absence of Mmp-1a hampers tumor progression. Proteomic analysis revealed decreased levels of chitinase-3-like 3 and accumulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products and its ligand S100A8 in lung samples from Mmp1a−/− mice compared with those from wild-type. These findings suggest that Mmp-1a could play a role in tumor progression by modulating the polarization of a Th1/Th2 inflammatory response to chemical carcinogens. On the basis of these results, we propose that Mmp1a knock-out mice provide an excellent in vivo model for the functional analysis of human MMP-1 in both physiological and pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Sustained TREM2 stabilization accelerates microglia heterogeneity and Abeta pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer s disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Dhandapani ◽  
Marilisa Neri ◽  
Mario Bernhard ◽  
Irena Brzak ◽  
Tatjana Schweizer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Proteolytic Cleavage ◽  
Cell Surface Receptor ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Mouse Cortex ◽  
Surface Receptor ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

TREM2 is a transmembrane protein expressed exclusively in microglia in the brain that regulates inflammatory responses to pathological conditions. Proteolytic cleavage of membrane TREM2 affects microglial function and is associated with Alzheimer s disease, but the consequence of reduced TREM2 proteolytic cleavage has not been determined. We generated a transgenic mouse model of reduced TREM2 shedding (Trem2-IPD) through amino acid substitution of ADAM-protease recognition site. We found that Trem2-IPD mice displayed increased TREM2 cell surface receptor load, survival and function in myeloid cells. Using single cell transcriptomic profiling of mouse cortex we show that sustained TREM2 stabilization induces a shift of fate in microglial maturation and accelerates microglial responses to Abeta pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer s disease. Our data indicate that reduction of TREM2 proteolytic cleavage aggravates neuroinflammation during the course of AD pathology suggesting that TREM2 shedding is a critical regulator of microglial activity in pathological states.

Effects of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis on postcapillary venules

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. H2224-H2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kurose ◽  
R. Wolf ◽  
M. B. Grisham ◽  
D. N. Granger
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Mast Cell Degranulation ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthesis ◽  
Leukocyte Adherence ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Albumin Leakage ◽  
Leukocyte Aggregation ◽  
Microvascular Alterations

The objective of this study was to determine whether an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NG,NG'-dimethyl-L-arginine; L-DMA) that is produced by vascular endothelium elicits the inflammatory responses induced by synthetic analogues of L-arginine such as NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Leukocyte adherence and emigration, leukocyte-platelet aggregation, and albumin leakage were monitored in rat mesenteric venules exposed to different concentrations of either L-DMA or L-NAME. Increases in leukocyte adherence (7- to 9-fold) and emigration (3- to 5-fold), platelet-leukocyte aggregation, mast cell degranulation, and an enhanced albumin leakage (30-50%) were observed within 30 min after exposing the microvascular bed to either inhibitor; however, leukocyte emigration and albumin leakage responded more intensely to L-NAME than to L-DMA. The microvascular alterations and mast cell degranulation were attenuated by addition of L-arginine to the superfusate. These results suggest that the L-DMA is capable of eliciting an inflammatory response at concentrations detected in plasma under certain pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Parisi ◽  
Elisabetta Gini ◽  
Denisa Baci ◽  
Marco Tremolati ◽  
Matteo Fanuli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Cell Cell

Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in “distant” pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.

Oxyresveratrol dampens neuroimmune responses in vivo: a selective effect on TNF-α

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (5) ◽  
pp. R1215-R1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mouihate ◽  
T. F. Horn ◽  
Q. J. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Consumption of nutrients rich in hydroxystilbenes has been promoted because of their health benefits, including dampening of inflammatory responses. However, few studies have examined their effects in vivo. Here, we show that the hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol (trans-2,3′,4,5′-tetrahydroxystilbene: o-RES) blocked hypothermia but caused no significant effect on the febrile response to the immune stimulus, bacterial LPS in rats. This was associated with a reduction in the LPS-induced plasma cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but not IL-6. Both IL-6-stimulated STAT-3 and LPS-induced cycoloxygenase-2 expression in the hypothalamus were not affected by o-RES. These data strongly suggest that the o-RES-induced dampening of neuroimmune responses is largely due to its inhibitory effect on TNF-α production. In contrast to in vitro experiments, o-RES has no direct effect on NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo. The specific inhibitory effect of o-RES on TNF-α opens new avenues for the clinical use of o-RES in pathological conditions where excessive production of TNF-α is deleterious.

scholarly journals Gas6/TAM Axis in Sepsis: Time to Consider Its Potential Role as a Therapeutic Target

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Salmi ◽  
Francesco Gavelli ◽  
Filippo Patrucco ◽  
Marina Caputo ◽  
Gian Carlo Avanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Role ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Sepsis And Septic Shock ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Tyrosine kinase receptors are transmembrane proteins involved in cell signaling and interaction. Among them, the TAM family (composed by Tyro 3, Axl, and Mer) represents a peculiar subgroup with an important role in many physiological and pathological conditions. Despite different mechanisms of activation (e.g., protein S and Galactin-3), TAM action is tightly related to their common ligand, a protein named growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6). Since the expression of both TAM and Gas6 is widely distributed among tissues, any alteration of one of these components can lead to different pathological conditions. Moreover, as they are indispensable for homeostasis maintenance, in recent years a growing interest has emerged regarding their role in the regulation of the inflammatory process. Due to this involvement, many authors have demonstrated the pivotal role of the Gas6/TAM axis in both sepsis and the sepsis-related inflammatory responses. In this narrative review, we highlight the current knowledge as well as the last discoveries on TAM and Gas6 implication in different clinical conditions, notably in sepsis and septic shock. Lastly, we underline not only the feasible use of Gas6 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in certain systemic acute conditions but also its potential therapeutic role in these life-threatening diseases.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Proteinuria in Owned Dogs from Italy: A Multicentric Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
M. Gizzarelli ◽  
X. Roura ◽  
P. Scarpa ◽  
P. D'Ippolito ◽  
V. Foglia Manzillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Dipstick Test ◽  
Multicentric Study ◽  
The North ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Canine Population

Even though proteinuria is related to different causes, when it is persistent and associated with inactive urinary sediment, it is primarily due to kidney disease. Early detection of proteinuria allows us to identify several pathological conditions. The aim of the study was screening a canine population not known as being proteinuric, by the urinary dipstick. The study was carried out in seven Italian veterinary clinics during a period of six weeks. Dogs were enrolled with no restriction of sex or age. Females in estrus, dogs with signs of genitourinary diseases, or those previously diagnosed with proteinuric nephropathy were excluded. Dogs were considered “nonproteinuric” (NP) in case of negative dipstick test or “suspected proteinuric” (SP), if positive at the dipstick. When possible, proteinuria was confirmed by UPC ratio. A total of 1156 dogs were evaluated: 414 were from northern Italy and 742 from southern Italy. Based on dipstick test, 655 (56.6%) dogs were NP, while 501 (43.3%) were SP. Among the NP dogs 225 out of 414 (54.3%) were in northern Italy and 430 of 742 (57.9%) in southern Italy. One hundred eighty-nine of 414 (45.7%) SP dogs were identified in northern Italy and 312 of 742 (42.1%) in southern Italy. No statistical difference was found between the North and the South of Italy. UPC was available in 412 out of 501 SP samples: proteinuria was confirmed in 263 (63.86%) samples. Results from our study showed a high percentage of suspected proteinuric dogs, apparently not affected by renal diseases, together with the absence of statistically significant differences based on geographical area.

scholarly journals Perkinsus marinus in the pleasure oyster Crassostrea corteziensis cultivated on the southeast coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-537
Author(s):  
Lizeth Carolina Villanueva-Fonseca ◽  
Manuel García-Ulloa ◽  
Melina López-Meyer ◽  
Brenda Paulina Villanueva-Fonseca ◽  
Juan Antonio Hernández-Sepúlveda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Eastern Oyster ◽  
Perkinsus Marinus ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Southeast Coast ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Oyster Farms ◽  
Crassostrea Corteziensis

The protozoan Perkinsus marinus has been associated with high mortality episodes of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica in the USA. The presence of P. marinus on the pleasure oyster Crassostrea corteziensis cultivated in two estuaries on the southeast coast of the Gulf of California was evaluated. Oysters were collected monthly (September 2016 to September 2017) and analyzed using Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Water parameters and oyster biometrics were also recorded. Pathogen prevalence increased over time from 0 to 100% in oysters from La Pitahaya, and from 0 to 83.33% in those from Bacorehuis. At both oyster farms, infection intensity was light (<1×104 parasites g-1 wet tissue), pathogen prevalence and infection intensity were correlated with oyster size and weight, and there was a strong correlation between P. marinus prevalence and intensity (La Pitahaya r = 0.91; Bacorehuis r = 0.82). The oysters that resulted positive for P. marinus by RFTM also were assayed using PCR. P. marinus presence was confirmed in 98.27% (114/116) of the oysters from La Pitahaya, and 95.83% (46/48) of those from Bacorehuis. The detection of P. marinus confirms that this pathogen is well established in the area with high expression during the warmer season. Despite the light infection intensity of this parasite at both sites, health surveillance of this bivalve in the region is highly advisable.

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