scholarly journals Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda K Hobday ◽  
Aishah Ibrahim ◽  
Matthew E Kaye ◽  
Leesa Bruggink ◽  
Presa Chanthalavanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Surveillance ◽  
Health Organization

Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2019, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.34 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the World Health Organization’s performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. The non-polio enteroviruses coxsackievirus A2, coxsackievirus A16, echovirus 9, and enterovirus A71 were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus and environmental surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2019, 175 cases of wild polio were reported, with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.

scholarly journals Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A Roberts ◽  
Linda K Hobday ◽  
Aishah Ibrahim ◽  
Bruce R Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Clinical Surveillance ◽  
Health Organization

Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2017, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.33 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Three non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus B1, echovirus 11 and enterovirus A71, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia established enterovirus and environmental surveillance systems to complement the clinical system focussed on children and an ambiguous vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 was isolated from sewage in Melbourne. In 2017, 22 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.

scholarly journals Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B Kaye ◽  
Arnau Garcia-Clapes ◽  
Linda K Hobday ◽  
Aishah Ibrahim ◽  
Presa Chanthalavanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Clinical Surveillance ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Free Status

Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2020, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance; Australia reported 1.09 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, thereby meeting the WHO’s performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. The non-polio enteroviruses coxsackievirus A10 and coxsackievirus A16 were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus surveillance and environmental surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2020, there were 140 cases of wild poliovirus reported from the two remaining endemic countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan. Another 28 countries reported cases of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.

scholarly journals Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A Roberts ◽  
Linda K Hobday ◽  
Aishah Ibrahim ◽  
Bruce R Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Echovirus 30 ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Clinical Surveillance ◽  
Enterovirus D68 ◽  
Free Status

Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of AFP in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the WHO. Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2018, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.24 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Several non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus A4, coxsackievirus B1, echovirus 9, echovirus 30, enterovirus D68 and enterovirus A71, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus and environmental surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2018, 33 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.

scholarly journals Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A Roberts ◽  
Linda K Hobday ◽  
Aishah Ibrahim ◽  
Bruce R Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6

Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2016, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.38 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Several non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus A6, enterovirus A71, enterovirus A74 and enterovirus D68, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. The global withdrawal of Sabin poliovirus type 2 from oral polio vaccine occurred in April 2016. This event represents the start of the polio endgame with an increased focus on the laboratory containment of all remaining wild and vaccine strains of poliovirus type 2. The National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory was designated as a polio essential facility as part of this process. In 2016, 37 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. Nigeria was declared polio-free in 2015, after 12 months without detection of wild poliovirus, but was reinstated as an endemic country after the reporting of four cases in August 2016. This is a salient reminder of the need to maintain sensitive surveillance for poliovirus until global eradication is certified.

scholarly journals Assessment of the core functions of hepatitis B surveillance system in the southeastern Iran: a qualitative study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mozhgan Mahmoodi ◽  
Abbas Yazdanpanah ◽  
Abbas Ghavam ◽  
Khodadad Sheikhzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Core ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction: Viral hepatitis has been declared as one of the major health problems by World Health Organization. Hepatitis B surveillance system is one of the most important tools for managing the disease and achieving the targets of disease elimination. Despite its high efficiency, hepatitis B surveillance system has always been faced with many challenges. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the core functions of the hepatitis B surveillance system in southeastern region of Iran. Method: Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 hepatitis B surveillance experts in five counties of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast Iran. The data were analyzed using content analysis method, based on the structure of the disease surveillance system. Purposeful sampling method was carried out and continued until saturation of the themes was achieved. Results: The main studied themes were case finding, case reporting, case registration, case confirmation, data analysis, sending feedback, and implementing interventions. The results of this study showed that all of the core functions of the hepatitis B surveillance system were running in the studied counties, although they did not meet the relevant standards in some cases. Conclusion: It seemed that, despite the numerous efforts and activities, it was still far from reaching the targets of the program. Considering the goal of World Health Organization to eliminate hepatitis B by 2030, it is essential to address these challenges and make attempt to overcome them.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Timeliness and Quality of Communicable Disease Surveillance System in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 004695802110560
Author(s):  
Soran Amin Hamalaw ◽  
Ali Hattem Bayati ◽  
Muhammed Babakir-Mina
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Evaluation And Monitoring

Background The quality of the surveillance system can be defined by attributes such as completeness, timeliness, usefulness, simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, and reliability. This study aims to assess these quality features of the communicable disease surveillance system (CDSS) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods This study was conducted using a retrospective review of records and documents, and the interviews with the surveillance staff (n = 82) of the Kurdistan governorates during 2018, 2019, and 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) guideline 2006 indicators were used for evaluation and monitoring the quality of the communicable disease surveillance system. The data analyzed and showed as frequencies and percentages using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 software. Results The reporting timeliness declined from 98% in 2019 to 69% in 2020. At the same time, there was an improvement in completeness of reporting from 83% in 2018 to 99% in 2020. The total scores of other surveillance quality attributes, simplicity, usefulness, flexibility, acceptability, and reliability, were 75%, 72%, 67%, 72%, and 69%, respectively. Conclusion Current findings demonstrate that the CDSS is still facing significant challenges in timeliness simplicity, usefulness, flexibility, acceptability, and reliability. Further studies to assess the system’s quality, particularly the system’s timeliness of outbreak response, sensitivity, and specificity, are recommended.

scholarly journals Challenges Facing the Chinese Health Care System

2020 ◽  
pp. 101053952096846
Author(s):  
Kaixuan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Care System

The purposes of this article are to explore the challenges the Chinese health care system will be facing in the next decade. The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) having infected more than 90 000 persons in China (Source: World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus Disease Dashboard) again reveals the weaknesses of the fragmental health care system. Over the past 3 decades, increasing out-of-pocket spending on health care, increasing mortality rate of chronic disease, growing disparities between rural and urban populations, the defectiveness of disease surveillance system, and disease outbreak response system have been pressing Chinese authorities for action. As this country has experienced an unprecedented economic growth along with an unparalleled development of health care system in the past 3 decades, the challenges ahead are unavoidably numerous and complex.

scholarly journals The WHO Collaborating Centre for Biosafety in Microbiology

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Tony Della-Porta ◽  
Michael Catton
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Biosafety in Microbiology has been established at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) for over 2 decades and played a significant role in the development of the WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual and the WHO Biorisk Guidelines. It has also contributed to WHO?s international biosafety programmes and to the raising awareness of biosafety in Australia.

scholarly journals Spot Specimen Testing With GeneXpert® MTB/RIF Results In More Complete TB Diagnostic Results Than Morning Specimens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faridath Massou ◽  
Merlin Fandohan ◽  
Ablo Prudence Wachinou ◽  
Schadrac Christin Agbla ◽  
Gildas Agodokpessi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
World Health ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: The diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) using smear microscopy has been based on testing 2 specimens: one spot and one early morning sputum. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended to replace, whenever possible, microscopy with GeneXpert® MTB/RIF performed on a single specimen. However, as the bacterial load is higher in early morning specimens than in spot specimens, one could expect lower sensitivity of GeneXpert® MTB/RIF performed only on spot specimens. In this study, we compared results of GeneXpert® MTB/RIF on spot specimens versus early morning specimens, under programmatic conditions in Cotonou, Benin. Methods: From June to September 2018, all sputa received from presumptive TB patients at the Supranational Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis of Cotonou were included in the study. From each patient, two specimens were collected (one spot and one early morning) and GeneXpert® MTB/RIF was performed on both specimens. Results: In total, 886 participants were included in the study, of whom 737 provided both sputa and 149 (16.8%) gave only the spot specimen. For the 737 participants who provided both sputa, GeneXpert® MTB/RIF was positive for both specimens in 152 participants; for three participants GeneXpert® MTB/RIF was positive on spot specimen but negative on morning specimen while for another three, the test was positive on morning specimen but negative on spot specimen. The overall percentage of agreement was excellent (99.2%) with a very positive and negative percent agreement greater than 98%.Conclusions: For TB diagnosis under programmatic conditions in Cotonou, GeneXpert® MTB/RIF in spot specimens gave similar results with the test in morning specimens. Performing GeneXpert® MTB/RIF in both specimens did not significantly increase the number of cases detected. To avoid losing patients from the diagnostic cascade, it is preferable to test sputa produced at the time of visit.

scholarly journals Mobile health approaches to disease surveillance in Africa; Wellvis COVID triage tool

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205520762199687
Author(s):  
Ayomide Owoyemi ◽  
Ron Ikpe ◽  
Mariam Toye ◽  
Ayesan Rewane ◽  
Moshood Abdullateef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Response System ◽  
The World ◽  
Mobile Phone Applications ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

COVID-19 has rapidly spread across the globe and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The COVID-19 infection continues to spread across Africa. In Africa, mobile phone applications have been used for the surveillance and reporting of infectious diseases such as malaria, measles, polio, and other notifiable diseases as mandated by the WHO. A good example is the early warning alert and response system. We developed an eight-question triage tool using the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control surveillance case definitions for new coronavirus disease. Based on the assessed risk level we offered advice and guidance on the next steps. A user-administered tool such as this is vital to COVID19 control. It is also significant in relieving the burden on health systems, providing information on national health guidelines for prevention and control, fostering the participation of citizens, and giving them the next steps, pandemic control efforts become more effective.

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