7. Exposure Assessment Methods Using Direct-Reading Instruments and Videography

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vosicky ◽  
J. McGlothlin
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Direct Reading ◽  
Reading Instruments

scholarly journals Precision and Accuracy of a Direct-Reading Miniaturized Monitor in PM2.5 Exposure Assessment

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 3089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Borghi ◽  
Andrea Spinazzè ◽  
Davide Campagnolo ◽  
Sabrina Rovelli ◽  
Andrea Cattaneo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Direct Reading ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Reading Instruments

The aim of this study was to evaluate the precision, accuracy, practicality, and potential uses of a PM2.5 miniaturized monitor (MM) in exposure assessment. These monitors (AirBeam, HabitatMap) were compared with the widely used direct-reading particulate matter monitors and a gravimetric reference method for PM2.5. Instruments were tested during 20 monitoring sessions that were subdivided in two different seasons to evaluate the performance of sensors across various environmental and meteorological conditions. Measurements were performed at an urban background site in Como, Italy. To evaluate the performance of the instruments, different analyses were conducted on 8-h averaged PM2.5 concentrations for comparison between direct-reading monitors and the gravimetric method, and minute-averaged data for comparison between the direct-reading instruments. A linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate whether the two measurement methods, when compared, could be considered comparable and/or mutually predictive. Further, Bland-Altman plots were used to determine whether the methods were characterized by specific biases. Finally, the correlations between the error associated with the direct-reading instruments and the meteorological parameters acquired at the sampling point were investigated. Principal results show a moderate degree of agreement between MMs and the reference method and a bias that increased with an increase in PM2.5 concentrations.

scholarly journals Characterization of Airborne Particles Emitted During Application of Cosmetic Talc Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Rasmussen ◽  
Christine Levesque ◽  
Jianjun Niu ◽  
Howard Gardner ◽  
Gregory Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Aerodynamic Diameter ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
Direct Reading ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Reading Instruments

A pilot study was undertaken to characterize the concentration, duration and particle size distribution of the talc cloud that forms in the personal breathing zone (PBZ) during application of certain talc-containing cosmetics. Multiple direct-reading instruments were employed to simultaneously monitor PM4 concentrations (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 4 µm; mg/m3) at different distances from each of three subjects while they applied talc products. Results indicated that the purpose and method of applying the talc product, combined with behavioral and physical differences amongst subjects, all strongly influenced airborne talc concentrations and the duration of the cloud. Air concentrations of talc in the PBZ averaged around 1.0 mg/m3, and the duration of exposure varied from less than one minute to more than ten minutes. The real-time monitors captured the occasional formation of secondary clouds, likely caused by resuspension of talc particles from skin or other surfaces. Measurements of aerosolized baby powder, face powder, and two adult body powders indicated that the median aerodynamic diameter of the talc cloud ranged from 1.7 to 2.0 µm. These direct-reading approaches were valuable for providing detailed characterization of short duration exposures to airborne talc particles, and will be useful to support future exposure assessments of talc and other powders in consumer products.

scholarly journals O2E.4 Evaluation of exposure assessment methods in epidemiological studies: the welding example

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A21.1-A21
Author(s):  
Susan Peters ◽  
Jerome Lavoue ◽  
Marissa Baker ◽  
Hans Kromhout
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Welding Fumes ◽  
Welding Fume ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Eye Burns

Exposure assessment quality is a fundamental consideration in the design and evaluation of observational studies. High quality exposure assessment is particularly relevant for outcomes with long latency, such as cancer, where detailed information on past exposures are often missing and must therefore be estimated.For the IARC Monograph on welding, the exposure group provided an overview of assessment methods used in the key epidemiological studies. Strengths and weaknesses of each study were assessed, along with their potential effects on interpretation of risk estimates.For the association between lung cancer and welding fume exposure, 9 cohort and 10 case-control studies were reviewed. For ocular melanoma and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from welding, 7 case-control studies were reviewed. Quality criteria were: full occupational histories, and standardized, blinded and quantitative exposure assessment. Additional criteria for lung cancer: specifically assessing welding fumes and using information on welding tasks. For ocular melanoma: assessing artificial and solar radiation separately, taking into account eye burns, eye protection and welding type.Exposure assessment of welding fumes by applying a ‘welding-exposure matrix’ (n=2) or welding-specific questionnaires (n=3) were considered highest quality, followed by case-by-case expert assessment (n=5) or general job-exposure matrices (JEMs, n=4). Job title alone was considered less informative (n=5). For exposure to UVR, JEMs were most informative (n=2), followed by self-reported eye burns and self-reported exposure from specific welding types (n=2), although caution is advised regarding recall bias. Assessing welding fume exposure or ever exposure to welding arcs as proxy for UVR was considered less informative. For both exposures, ever versus never welder, or assessments based on data collected from proxies, were considered least informative.The overall evaluation was that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of welding fumes and ultraviolet radiation from welding.

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