scholarly journals Convergence Insufficiency - Perception Error: A Review Article

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Vision Disorders ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Visual Discomfort ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Single Vision ◽  
Vision Assessment ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Binocular Single Vision

Ocular asthenopia associated with headaches and visual discomfort are the major complaints, clients have these days. Intensive near and digital works have brought many non-strabismic binocular vision disorders (NSBVD) in the clients. Convergence insufficiency (CI) is one of the most prevalent NSBVD. CI is a binocular vision dysfunction, characterized by the patient’s inability to accurately converge, or sustain accurate convergence when focusing on near objects. Apart from visual symptoms, CI is known to have effects on a children’s academics and a person’s daily life. In addition to visual discomfort, children with CI report symptoms affecting reading performance, such as loss of pace, loss of concentration, reading slowly, and trouble remembering what was read. Proper diagnosis of convergence insufficiency is simple, but it has been complicated by the unavailability of essential orthoptic tools; the attitude of practitioner and their knowledge adds to the hurdle. Why don’t we introduce term “CI Suspect” like “Glaucoma-Suspect” so that every individual if matches one or more criteria for CI diagnosis is subjected undergo a complete binocular single vision assessment? This will properly diagnose and manage the case and also make orthoptics as a proper sub-specialty for eye care practitioners.

scholarly journals Effect of Binocular Vision Problems on Childhood Academic Performance and Teachers' Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saif Hassan Alrasheed ◽  
Abd Elaziz Mohamed Elmadina
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Teachers Perspectives ◽  
Academic Record

Purpose:  To see the effect of binocular vision problems on childhood academic performance and to record the teacher's perspectives about childhood eye care in Khartoum State of Sudan. Place and Duration of Study:  A descriptive cross-sectional study done among the school going children in the Khartoum State of Sudan during the year 2018. Study Design:  Descriptive cross sectional study. Material and Methods:  Three hundred and forty (340) primary school children’s were recruited for study by convenient sampling technique during the academic year 2018. After relevant history, ocular examination was performed. It included visual acuity measurement, assessment of refractive errors and binocular function tests. Academic performance of the children was recorded from academic records of the children. Finally, the qualitative data was derived from teachers’ perspectives about childhood eye care. Results:  Mean age of the participants was 11.96 ± 1.63 years. The findings revealed that (78.6%) of children achieved poor academic performances with decompensated exophoria at near. 52.7% children with poor academic performances had weak positive fusion reserve at near P = 0.04. 37.2% of the poor performers had convergence insufficiency. Fort eight percent of females with ocular complaints achieved poor academic performances P = 0.034. With regard to teacher's perspectives about childhood eye care, 98.8%believed that the vision problems had effect on the academic record of the children. Seventy percent of the teachers reported that the students did not undergo eye examinations before joining school. Conclusion:  Convergence Insufficiency and weak positive fusional reserve at near has a significant effect on academic performances.

scholarly journals Symptomatic vergence disorders in junior high school children in Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Darko-Takyi ◽  
Naimah E. Khan ◽  
Urvashni Nirghini
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Based ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Vision Assessment ◽  
Divergence Insufficiency

Background: Optometrists in Ghana are hampered in performing comprehensive binocular vision assessments, because of the lack of appropriate instruments leading to a paucity of data on vergence disorders and their association with asthenopia among Ghanaian school children.Aim: To establish the prevalence of symptomatic vergence disorders among junior high school (JHS) children in Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana, in their habitual (vision) states and investigate if there were any associations between these disorders and specific asthenopic symptoms.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional school-based study using a multistage sample of 627 participants aged 12–17 years from JHSs in Cape Coast Metropolis. Participants completed a reliable asthenopic symptoms questionnaire and 220 participants who expressed two or more severe or very severe symptoms were selected for comprehensive binocular vision assessment in their habitual vision state.Results: The prevalence of symptomatic vergence disorders among JHS children in Cape Coast Metropolis was 14.8%. For specific symptomatic vergence disorders, the prevalence was: 1.4% basic esophoria, 1.4% basic exophoria, 8.6% convergence insufficiency, 1.8% convergence excess, 0.8% fusional vergence dysfunctions and 0.8% divergence excess. No participant had symptomatic divergence insufficiency. The study revealed significant associations between some specific symptomatic vergence disorders and specific asthenopic symptoms even though all of these asthenopic symptoms overlapped in other vergence disorders.Conclusion: Presenting complaints of specific asthenopic symptoms does not differentiate between specific types of vergence disorders. A comprehensive binocular vision assessment is vital in the diagnosis and management of these disorders to relieve asthenopia.

scholarly journals A review of the classification of nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Darko-Takyi ◽  
Naimah Ebrahim Khan ◽  
Urvashni Nirghin
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Divergence Insufficiency

There are conflicting and confusing ideas in literature on the different types of accommodative and vergence anomalies as different authors turn to classify them differently. This paper sought to review literature on the different classifications and types of nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies and harmonize these classifications. Search engines, namely Google scholar, Medline, Cinahl and Francis databases, were used to review literature on the classification of accommodative and vergence dysfunctions using keywords like <em>binocular vision dysfunctions</em>, <em>classification of nonstrabismic binocular vision disorders or anomalies</em>, <em>accommodative disorders/anomalies classification</em> and <em>vergence disorders/anomalies classifications</em>, and included works that described these anomalies. Nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies are classified as accommodative and vergence anomalies. There are three different major types of accommodative anomalies, namely accommodative insufficiency, accommodative infacility (accommodative inertia), and accommodative excess (accommodative spasm), and seven different types of vergence anomalies (convergence insufficiency, convergence excess, divergence insufficiency, divergence excess, basic esophoria, basic exophoria and fusional vergence dysfunctions), which are functional in origin. Functionally, there is a commonly reported interaction between accommodative and convergence insufficiency referred to as pseudoconvergence insufficiency. Accommodative paralysis (subtype of accommodative insufficiency) and vergence anomalies – <em>i.e.</em>, convergence paralysis, convergence spasm and divergence paralysis – are non-functional in origin with underlying systemic disease etiologies. Systemic convergence insufficiency, associated with subnormal accommodation, is a non-functional interaction between the accommodative and convergence insufficiency. The classification of nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies is based on the description of the clinical signs and the underlying etiology either functional or non-functional in origin. Proper diagnosis and management involves investigation of the underlying etiology in addition to the battery of binocular vision test procedures.

scholarly journals Prismatic correction in the presence of acutely acquired esotropia with diplopia

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
G.V. Gladysheva ◽  
◽  
I.L. Plisov ◽  
N.G. Antsiferova ◽  
V.B. Pushchina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Case Management ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Deviation Angle ◽  
Color Test ◽  
Single Vision ◽  
Binocular Single Vision ◽  
Test Color ◽  
Group 1

Purpose. To analyze changes in binocular vision functions in patients with acutely acquired esotropia after preoperative correction by prisms. Material and methods. The study included 16 patients with acutely acquired esotropia with diplopia. Depending on the tactics of preoperative case management, two groups were distinguished. Eight patients with acutely acquired esotropia of the Bielshowsky type at the age from 12 to 35 years old (mean age, M±sd – 17.5±1.9 years). This group underwent preoperative prismatic correction of diplopia and the deviation angle, as well as eight patients with acutely acquired esotropia of the Bielshowsky type at the age from 12 to 35 years (18.5±1.9 years). Patients in this group underwent surgery without prior prismatic correction. Fresnel prisms were used to select and assign prismatic correction. The patients were monitored dynamically. Results. In the course of treatment 1 group (prismatic correction followed by surgical correction) according to the indicator of Worth's four-dot test color test, revealed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of value of the binocular single vision (p=0.041), the frequency of the presence of stereovision according to the Fly-test (p=0.013), fusion amplitude in the distance by 1.11 times (p=0.033) and near fusion amplitude by 1.15 times (p=0.003). Significant differences between the groups were observed only in the frequency of stereovision presence according to the Fly-test after treatment, which was 2.0 times higher in group 1 (p=0.041). Conclusion. Prismatic correction in combination with surgical treatment had better curative benefits than surgery itself in improving both binocular and stereoscopic visual functions. Key words: acutely acquired esotropia, diplopia, binocular vision, stereoscopic vision, Fresnel prisms

Prismatic stage of treatment of patients in acute acquired esotropia with diplopia

2021 ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
G.V. Gladysheva ◽  
◽  
I.L. Plisov ◽  
N.G. Antsiferova ◽  
D.R. Mamulat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Case Management ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Deviation Angle ◽  
Color Test ◽  
Visual Functions ◽  
Single Vision ◽  
Binocular Single Vision ◽  
Test Color

Purpose. To analyze changes in binocular vision functions in patients with acutely acquired esotropia after preoperative correction by prisms. Material and methods. The study included 10 patients with acutely acquired esotropia with diplopia. Depending on the tactics of preoperative case management, two groups were distinguished: 1 - 5 patients, this group underwent preoperative prismatic correction of diplopia and the deviation angle, 2 - 5 patients, in this group underwent surgery without prior prismatic correction. Fresnel prisms were used to select and assign prismatic correction. The patients were monitored dynamically. Results. In the course of treatment 1 group according to the indicator of Worth's four-dot test color test, revealed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of value of the binocular single vision (p=0.041), the frequency of the presence of stereovision according to the Fly-test (p=0.013). Conclusion. Prismatic correction in combination with surgical treatment had better curative benefits than surgery itself in improving binocular and stereoscopic visual functions. Key words: acutely acquired esotropia, binocular vision, Fresnel prisms.

scholarly journals Symptomatic classic convergence insufficiency treated with dot card orthoptic exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Darko-Takyi ◽  
Kofi Asiedu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Female Student ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Vision Assessment ◽  
African Patients ◽  
Vision Therapy

Although lots of studies have been reported on convergence insufficiency (CI), no specific case of CI among African patients has been reported. We report a case of symptomatic <em>classic</em> convergence insufficiency in a female student who previously had been misdiagnosed and managed for refractive error. This case highlights the need for comprehensive binocular vision assessment, administration of validated symptom questionnaires in cases of suspicious CI, and the use of simple and inexpensive vision therapy procedures to manage CI in optometric centres in developing countries.

The Influence of Binocular Vision Symptoms on Computerized Neurocognitive Testing of Adolescents With Concussion

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 961-969
Author(s):  
Adam J. Peiffer ◽  
James MacDonald ◽  
Drew Duerson ◽  
Gladys Mitchell ◽  
Andrew T. E. Hartwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vision Disorders ◽  
Vision Disorder ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Neurocognitive Test ◽  
The Relationship

Binocular vision disorders are commonly found postconcussion and associated with high symptom burden. We investigated the relationship between binocular vision symptoms and neurocognitive test performance. Thirty-four adolescents with concussion and 18 without concussion were assessed for cognitive performance using the CogState Brief Battery. Binocular vision disorders were determined using clinical examination and vision symptoms with the Convergence Insufficiency Symptoms Survey (CISS). A cutoff CISS score of 13 had high predictive accuracy for identifying individuals with a binocular vision disorder. CogState scores for processing speed and attention were significantly lower in the concussion group compared with the control group. Within the concussion group, scores for attention, learning, and working memory were significantly lower in those with vision symptoms. The presence of vision symptoms did not significantly affect CogState scores within the control group. The presence of vision symptoms in individuals with concussion is associated with significantly reduced scores on individual components of the CogState.

Evaluation of Fusion and Stereopsis in Anisometropic Patients

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Mohamed Ahmed ◽  
Hazem Hosny Noah ◽  
Walid Mohamed El Zawahry ◽  
Ahmed Taha Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Monocular Vision ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
Single Vision ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Binocular Single Vision ◽  
Acuity Test ◽  
Stereo Acuity

Abstract Background Binocular vision has many important advantages on monocular vision as it helps in determination of the distance of an object, gives much greater depth of perception, and the ability to have stereopsis and view the world in three dimension (3D). There is an evidence that binocular vision is present in many patients with anisometropia even who have amblyopia but with grades lower than normal. Purpose This study evaluates the effect of anisometropia on BSV functions. Method sixty-four patients above 6 years with anisometropia equal to or more than 2.5D never had their vision corrected either by glasses or refractive surgeries or went on patching treatment, Anisometropic patients were devided into two groups amblyopic group (AA) and non-amblyopic group (NA) were examined for assessing their fusion by Worth four dot test and their stereopsis by fly test (Titmus stereo acuity test) by their best corrective glasses based on their cycloplegic refraction. Results Anisomyopes shows better stereopsis 62% of them and better fusion 65% of them than anisohypropes which had only 8% with good stereopsis and 32% with good fusion. However, antimetropes showed bad fusion and stereopsis as all of the five cases have amblyopia. Only 29.5% of anisomyopes have amblyopia but 68% of anisohypropes have amblyopia. As regard worth four dot test (P &lt; 0.001), as 90.6% of cases with amblyopia had suppressed eye but only 9.4 % of this amblyopic cases had normal fusion. However, in patients without amblyopia 15.6% had suppressed eyes but 84.4% had normal fusion. As regard Titmus test there was statistically significant difference between both groups (P &lt; 0.001), as 100 % of cases with amblyopia had bad stereo acuity but 28.1% of patients without amblyopia had defect in their stereo acuity. Conclusion Fusion and stereopsis as binocular single vision functions were significantly affected in AA patients with best-corrected anisometropic glasses than in NA patients.

scholarly journals On the Origins of Terms in Binocular Vision

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 204166952199238
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Wade
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Single Vision ◽  
Binocular Single Vision

Vision with two eyes has been commented upon for many centuries, and the principal concern has been with binocular single vision. The terminology we apply to binocular vision developed rapidly after the invention of the stereoscope in the early 19th century. The origins of terms such as anaglyph, binocular lustre, chromatic stereoscope, cyclopean eye, dichoptic, horopter, pseudoscope, rivalry, stereoscope, stereograph, and stereopsis are described together with portraits of those who introduced them.

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