scholarly journals Gljive povezane s truleži plodova pitomog kestena, s prvim nalazom Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi u Hrvatskoj

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Dario Ivić ◽  
Adrijana Novak
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Gnomoniopsis Smithogilvyi

Trulež plodova pitomog kestena uzrokovana parazitskim gljivama može predstavljati značajan problem u plantažnoj proizvodnji te kulture. Tijekom 2018. godine, jaka pojava truleži plodova kestena zabilježena je u mješovitoj plantaži pitomog kestena i oraha u okolici Našica. U nasadu je sakupljeno 78 plodova (sorte Bouche de Betizac, Marsol i Maraval), među kojima su laboratorijskim pregledom u njih 63 utvrđeni simptomi truleži jezgre. Iz svih simptomatičnih plodova izolirane su gljive. Kombiniranom identifikacijom na temelju morfologije i analize sekvenci ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomske DNA, gljive iz simptomatičnih plodova determinirane su kao Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi, Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diaporthe eres i Fusarium proliferatum. Vrsta G. smithogilvyi utvrđena je u 47 od 63 ploda (75 %), nakon koje su po zastupljenosti slijedile B. dothidea (11/63 ploda, 17 %), N. parvum (10/63 ploda, 16 %), D. eres (3/63 ploda, 5 %) i Fusarium sp. (1/63 ploda, 1,6 %). U 45 plodova utvrđena je samo jedna vrsta gljive, po dvije vrste nađene su u 11 plodova, a po tri vrste gljive u sedam plodova. Sve gljive utvrđene su na plodovima pitomog kestena u Hrvatskoj po prvi puta. Među njima ističe se prvi nalaz G. smithogilvyi, patogena koji u proteklih nekoliko godina uzrokuje velike štete na plodovima kestena u Europi.

scholarly journals First Report of Wood Canker Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae on Grapevine in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Akgul ◽  
N. G. Savas ◽  
A. Eskalen
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
First Report ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Botryosphaeriaceae Species

The Aegean region (western Turkey) is the center of table, raisin, and wine grape cultivation. During the 2012 growing season, wood canker symptoms were observed in vineyards in Manisa city. Symptoms adjacent to pruning wounds, including shoot dieback and wedge-shaped wood discolorations observed in cross section, were among the most prevalent symptoms of the vines. To identify the causal agents, symptomatic woody tissues were surface disinfested with 95% ethanol and flame-sterilized and the discolored outer bark was cut away. The internal tissues (0.5 cm2) were excised from cankers of vines and plated onto potato dextrose agar amended with tetracycline (0.01%) (PDA-tet). The most frequently isolated fungi, based on general growth pattern, speed of growth, and colony color, resembled species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. According to morphological characteristics, four different groups have been identified based on visual discrimination. After DNA extraction, ribosomal DNA fragments (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) (2) amplified with ITS4 and ITS5 primers were sequenced and sequences were compared with those deposited in NCBI GenBank database. Four different Botryosphaeriaceae isolates were identified, including Botryosphaeria dothidea (MBAi25AG), Diplodia seriata (MBAi23AG), Lasiodiplodia theobromae (MBAi28AG), and Neofusicoccum parvum (MBAi27AG) (Accession Nos. KF182329, KF182328, KF182331, and KF182330, respectively) with species nomenclature based on Crous et al. (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions (24°C, 16/8-h day/night, 70% RH) on 1-year-old own rooted grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv. Sultana Seedless seedlings using one isolate from each of the Botryosphaeriaceae species specified above. Stems of grapevine seedlings were wounded by removing bark with 4-mm cork borer and fresh mycelial plugs were inoculated into the holes and covered with Parafilm. Sterile PDA plugs were placed into the wounds of control seedlings. Five vines were inoculated per isolate. The experiment was repeated twice. After 4 months of incubation, grapevine seedlings were examined for the extent of vascular discoloration and recovery of fungal isolates. Mean lesion lengths on wood tissues were 85.3, 17.2, 13.9, and 13.1 mm for N. parvum, B. dothidea, L. theobromae, and D. seriata, and 6.3 mm for control. Each fungal isolate was successfully re-isolated from inoculated seedlings to fulfill Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of multiple species in the Botryosphaeriaceae causing wood canker and dieback on grapevine in Turkey. These results are significant because Botryosphaeriaceae species are known causal agents of grapevine trunk disease worldwide (3). References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (2) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:83, 2004. (3) J. R. Urbez-Torres. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 50:S5, 2011.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium Blight on Majesty Palm Caused by Fusarium proliferatum in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 1149-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Polizzi ◽  
A. Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Fusarium Sp

During spring 2002, a new disease of majesty palm (Ravenea rivularis Jumelle & H. Perrier) was observed on young, container-grown plants (3 to 4 years old with five to seven expanded leaves) in a nursery in eastern Sicily. Initial symptoms on the youngest, expanded leaves and especially on the unopened, spear leaves were small, reddish-brown necrotic lesions (2 to 4 mm in diameter) with a yellow halo. In high humidity, lesions increased in size and number, coalescing into large, irregular dead areas. These symptoms developed into blights of the youngest, unopened leaves. As a consequence, infected leaves would dieback and only a few plants recovered from these severe infections. On the surviving plants, reddish-brown necrotic lesions appeared on the rachis. From these lesions, 30 pieces of tissue were cut, surface sterilized (30 s in 1.2% wt/vol of NaOCl), washed with sterile water, and plated on potato dextrose agar supplemented with 1.1 μl/ml of lactic acid (stock 88 to 92%) (A-PDA). Conidia and conidiophores were collected directly from the tissue with a flamed needle and placed on A-PDA. Fusarium sp. was consistently isolated from the necrotic tissue, and after 3 days, single hyphal tips were transferred to pure cultures from which were obtained two single, conidial isolates. These fungal isolates were forwarded to the CABI Bioscience U.K. Centre, Bakeham Lane (Egham), Surrey, U.K., where both isolates were identified as Fusarium proliferatum (T. Matsushima) Nirenberg. A morpho-biometrical characterization was performed on carnation leaf agar with a photoperiod of 10 h. Macroconidia were slender, lightly falcate to almost straight, 3- to 5-septate, and ranged from 37 to 53 × 2.5 to 3 μm (average 44.1 × 2.8 μm). Microconidia, clavate or oval with a truncated base, were formed in chains from mono- or polyphialides. Chlamydospores were absent. Eight 2-year-old seedlings (three to five expanded leaves) of majesty palm had the unopened spear leaves needle-wounded and another eight were unwounded. All were sprayed with a conidial suspension (1.5 × 106 CFU/ml). An equal number of noninoculated plants were used as a control. All plants were covered with polyethylene bags and incubated in a greenhouse at 25 ± 2°C for 72 h. All wounded majesty palms showed brown areas on unopened spear leaves. When natural injures were present, reddish leaf spots appeared as early as 4 days after inoculation. Macroscopic observations revealed the presence of white mycelium on the necrotic areas and reddish spots. Koch's postulates were satisfied by reisolation of the fungus on A-PDA from artificially infected tissues. On the basis of 3 months of field observations in Sicily, spread of Fusarium blight on majesty palm was always greater when plants were injured on the tender and unopened leaves by volcanic cinders from Mt. Etna, which caused bruises on young leaves. The disease does not represent a major threat to nurseries, but it could cause loss in the cultivation of the majesty palm. F. proliferatum was previously recorded in Saudi Arabia as the causal agent of wilt and dieback of date palm (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. proliferatum on palms in Italy and the first outbreak of the disease on majesty palm. Reference: (1)M. Y. Abdalla et al. Plant Dis. 84:321, 2000.

scholarly journals Antifungal Agents Based on Chitosan Oligomers, ε-polylysine and Streptomyces spp. Secondary Metabolites against Three Botryosphaeriaceae Species

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Buzón-Durán ◽  
Jesús Martín-Gil ◽  
Eduardo Pérez-Lebeña ◽  
David Ruano-Rosa ◽  
José L. Revuelta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Streptomyces Spp ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeriaceae Species

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are a major threat to the wine and grape industry. The aim of the study was to investigate the antifungal activity against Neofusicoccum parvum, Diplodia seriata, and Botryosphaeria dothidea of ε-polylysine, chitosan oligomers, their conjugates, Streptomyces rochei and S. lavendofoliae culture filtrates, and their binary mixtures with chitosan oligomers. In vitro mycelial growth inhibition tests suggest that the efficacy of these treatments, in particular those based on ε-polylysine and ε-polylysine:chitosan oligomers 1:1 w/w conjugate, against the three Botryosphaeriaceae species would be comparable to or higher than that of conventional synthetic fungicides. In the case of ε-polylysine, EC90 values as low as 227, 26.9, and 22.5 µg·mL−1 were obtained for N. parvum, D. seriata, and B. dothidea, respectively. Although the efficacy of the conjugate was slightly lower, with EC90 values of 507.5, 580.2, and 497.4 µg·mL−1, respectively, it may represent a more cost-effective option to the utilization of pure ε-polylysine. The proposed treatments may offer a viable and sustainable alternative for controlling GTDs.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Conidial Germination of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Infecting Grapevines

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
pp. 1476-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
José R. Úrbez-Torres ◽  
Emilie Bruez ◽  
José Hurtado ◽  
Walter D. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres ◽  
Botryosphaeriaceae Species

Germination of conidia of eight botryosphaeriaceous fungi infecting grapevines was evaluated after 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h incubation under eight different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C). The effect of temperature on conidial germination was also evaluated in different stages (hyaline versus pigmented conidia) of the species Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Conidial germination of Botryosphaeriaceae species infecting grapevines was significantly affected by temperature. Overall, conidial germination increased significantly with longer incubation times, especially from 2 to 12 h. In most cases, germination of conidia was not significantly different between 12 and 24 h incubation. Conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species did not germinate (with the exception of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum) at 5°C, and only B. dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and L. theobromae showed high levels of conidial germination at 40°C. Optimum conidial germination temperatures (defined as the temperature in which germination reached at least 50% in the shortest incubation time) were 25°C for B. dothidea and Dothiorella iberica, 25 to 30°C for Spencermartinsia viticola, 30°C for Diplodia corticola, D. mutila, D. seriata, N. parvum, and hyaline L. theobromae, and 40°C for pigmented L. theobromae conidia. Successful conidial germination of species of Botryosphaeriaceae infecting grapevines was always observed between 10 and 35°C with the exception of Dothiorella iberica and pigmented L. theobromae conidia, neither of which germinated at 35 and 10°C, respectively. Results of this study show conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species infecting grapevines to be capable of germination under a broad range of temperatures including those considered to be extreme, which may explain the success of these species as grapevine pathogens throughout most of the grape-growing areas in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

scholarly journals Inhibition growth of Aspergillus niger that isolated from some fodder grains by using the Pleurotus ostreatus and Calcium citrate

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al-mohaidi ◽  
Abdul_ameer S. Saadon
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Calcium Citrate ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Phylogenic Tree ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Polymerase Chain

       Samples were collected from the stores , fields and local markets of Diwaniya province for the purpose of study  from August / October 2019, the following fungi were isolated: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium natatum , Rhizopus stolanifer, Alternaria Alternata, Fusarium solani, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium sp. Tricoderma sp. . Some significant differences were observed in the frequency of fungi isolated from fodder grains , the  frequency percentage highest in the treatment of non-sterilized grains reach 15.23% for the A. niger fungus and in sterilized grain about 13.88% . A.niger diagnosed phenotypic using classification keys and molecular diagnosed with PCR technique (polymerase chain reaction) with sequencing analysis and phylogenic tree analysis for the purpose of comparing A.niger fungi isolates with some global strains . The effect of  p.ostreatus showed ability of this fungus to inhibit growth of A.niger fungus when the antagonism occur between two fungus  . Interference between p.ostreatus filtrate concentration  and calcium citrate effect in the radial growth of the this fungus showed a clear decrease in the level of colonial diameters , where the inhibition percent reached to 71.79±0.06% at concentration 30% .

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium proliferatum Causing Rot of Garlic Bulbs in Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Palmero ◽  
M. De Cara ◽  
C. Iglesias ◽  
M. M. Moreno ◽  
N. González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
State University ◽  
Pennsylvania State University ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
The University

In October of 2008, decayed garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L. cv. Blancomor de Vallelado) were received from a producer in Segovia, Spain. In November of 2009, similar symptoms were observed on stored bulbs (cvs. Blancomor de Vallelado and Garcua) from each of 30 municipalities in northwest Segovia and Valladolid. A minimum of one sample was collected from 12 localities. Pieces of symptomatic bulbs were surface disinfested for 2 to 3 min in 0.5% NaOCl and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Komada's media. Colonies had catenate microconidia and curved macroconidia that were usually three to five septate. Microconidia were club shaped with a flattened base, aseptate, and were produced on both mono- and polyphialides. On the basis of morphological features, the fungus was identified as Fusarium proliferatum (T. Matsushima) Nirenberg (2,3). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with 12 isolates of the fungi following the method of Dugan et al. (1). Each assay with an isolate consisted of six cloves (cv. Blancomor de Vallelado) disinfested in 0.5% NaOCl for 45 s, rinsed with sterile water, and injured to a depth of 4.5 mm with a probe 1 mm in diameter. The wound was filled with PDA colonized by the appropriate isolate. Six cloves for each tested isolate received sterile agar as a control. The cloves were incubated at 25°C for 5 weeks. The test was repeated once with cv. Garcua. All isolates produced water-soaked, tan lesions. An isolate of the fungus was deposited in the collection of the Plant Production Department of the University of Almeria. No fungi were recovered from the control cloves. F. proliferatum has been reported on garlic in the northwestern United States (1) and Serbia (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Fusarium sp. in the section Liseola attacking garlic in Spain. The fungus seems to be well established on this host in Spain. References: (1) F. M. Dugan et al. Phytopathology 155:437, 2007. (2) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium Species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1983. (3) H. Nirenberg et al. Mycologia 90:434, 1998. (4) S. Stankovic et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 118:165, 2007.

scholarly journals Endophytic fungi associated with four endemic wild coffee species (Mascarocoffea) in Madagascar

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-470
Author(s):  
A.J. Zananirina ◽  
B.M. Iacomi ◽  
D.A.D. Rakoto-Ranoromalala ◽  
I. Ratsizafy ◽  
A.T.E. Razakatiana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Colletotrichum Siamense ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Wild Coffee ◽  
Coffee Species

Mascarocoffea are wild coffee plants endemic to Madagascar. These plants produce diverse, often specific biomolecules that are not found in cultivated coffee plants. Production of these compounds could be due to interactions between the endophytes and the host plant. Few studies have been carried out on the richness and diversity of microorganisms associated with these coffee plants. The objective of this study was to identify endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of species of Mascarocoffea by morphological and molecular methods. Fifteen taxa were morphologically identified among the 30 isolated. These included Phyllosticta sp., Colletotrichum sp., Daldinia sp., Diaporthe sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp.01, Fusarium sp. 02, Fusarium sp. 03, Monilinia sp., Trichoderma sp., Alternaria sp, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp. and Nigrospora sp. The phylum Ascomycota was the most represented, with 14 taxa and 1 taxon (Rhizopus sp.) belonging to the phylum of Zygomycota. Molecular characterisation confirmed of the identity of these 15 taxa and those of the morphologically Unidentified (NI) mycotaxa including Colletotrichum karstii, Colletotrichum siamense, Neofusicoccum parvum, Colletotrichum siamense, Punctularia strigosozonata, Stemphylium solani, Phoma multirostrata, Calophoma complonata, Daldinia vanderguchtiae, Phoma exigua and Boremia exigua. This study allowed us to identify the endophytic fungi isolated from Mascarocoffea leaves from Madagascar.

DESEMPENHO AGRONÔMICO E QUALIDADE SANITÁRIA DE GRÃOS DE MILHO, EM FUNÇÃO DA APLICAÇÃO FOLIAR DE FUNGICIDAS

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-90
Author(s):  
José Roberto Chaves Neto ◽  
Renato Carnellosso Guerra ◽  
Ricardo Boscaini ◽  
Nívea Raquel Ledur ◽  
Maurivan Travessini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp

O controle das podridões das espigas e grãos de milho é realizado principalmente com a aplicação de fungicidas químicos em todas as regiões produtoras do Rio Grande do Sul. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da aplicação foliar de fungicidas na incidência de grãos ardidos e de fungos dos gêneros Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. e Aspergillus sp. em grãos de milho. O experimento foi conduzido na safra agrícola 2014/15, em Cruz Alta, RS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados (DBC), com 4 tratamentos (3 com aplicação de fungicidas e 1 testemunha sem aplicação) em 4 repetições. Os tratamentos basearam-se nas aplicações dos fungicidas Piraclostrobina + epoxiconazol (380 mL ha-1), Picoxistrobina + ciproconazole (300 mL ha-1) e Azoxistrobina + benzovindiflupir (150 g ha-1). As variáveis analisadas foram: percentagem de grãos ardidos, massa de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos. Houve efeito da aplicação de fungicidas sobre toas as variáveis avaliadas. Os componentes de produção assim como a incidência de grãos ardidos e de fungos fitopatogênicos, em grãos de milho são influenciados pela aplicação via foliar de fungicidas no estádio fenológico V8 da cultura do milho.

EFEKTIFITAS RHIZOCTONIA MIKORIZA DALAM MENGINDUKSI KETAHANAN ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS AMABILIS TERHADAP FUSARIUM SP.

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Soelistijono
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Resistance Induction ◽  
Fusarium Sp

This study examines the effectiveness of mycorrhizal Rhizoctonia resistance induction in Phalaenopsis amabilis against Fusarium sp. Fusarium solani is known as pathogens that attack many orchids P. amabilis (Chung et al., 2011) compared to other pathogenic fungi. Attack of Fusarium sp. will cause rot and yellow colored leaves. Until now there has been known as a biological control orchid against Fusarium sp. In this study tested the endurance locations in Sleman and Surakarta to see the effectiveness of a good orchid growth induced by Rhizoctonia mycorrhizal or not to attack by Fusarium sp. The results of the study showed that mycorrhizal Rhizoctonia able to inhibit the attack of Fusarium sp. It is shown by the value of the index of disease resistance  (DSI) in P. amabilis orchid mycorrhizal Rhizoctonia induced lower than that not induced. Mycorrhizal Rhizoctonia induction results in Sleman provide a more real than mycorrhizal Rhizoctonia induction in Surakarta.

Effectiveness of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Oil against Decay Fungi

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchan Rawat ◽  
◽  
Uttam Kumar Sahoo ◽  
Nagaraj Hegde ◽  
Awadhesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Natural Oils ◽  
Mycelia Growth

The enormous use of metallic wood preservatives has caused destructive impact on environment as well as human health. Therefore realizing the urgency of switching to Environment friendly options such as natural oils are being tested for their antimicrobial properties. The present study aimed at investigating potential of Neem oil against the growth ofdecaying fungi. The ability of Neem oil to inhibit mycelia growth of Schizophyllum commune, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum, Coniophora puteana and Alternaria alternata was tested at different concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10%. Results of the study revealed Neem oil concentrations above 2% were significantly inhibitory to all the tested fungi.

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