scholarly journals The Optimum of Detention Time on Flocculation Unit Using A Laboratory Scale Prototype

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Regita Nurul Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Main Parameter ◽  
Pipe Diameter ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Detention Time ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Flocculation Process ◽  
Clarified Water

<strong>Abstract. </strong>Water used to meet the daily needs of human has different characteristics depending on the quality and amount of substances found in it. Turbidity can performance the quality of the water. The raw water used in this research comes from Kalimalang River. Coagulation and flocculation are one of the most important processes to remove the substances in raw water. Detention time is the main parameter for the flocculation process. <strong>Objectives. </strong>This research aims to find out the optimum of detention time in the flocculation prototype unit. <strong>Methods and result. </strong>Designing and assembling the flocculator lab-scale prototype using 20 cm of pipe diameter. Running the prototype and analysis the effect of detention time to the clarified water turbidity in 30 minutes of 1 Liter imhoff cone with raw water range 41-60 NTU in a long dry season. The result is the optimum clarified water turbidity is found in the 19,7 minutes detention time appropriate to the 41-60 NTU raw water turbidity range.<strong> Conclusion.</strong> The result shows, that the optimum detention time was obtained in 19,7 minutes for 41-60 NTU raw water turbidity range.

Observations of blanket characteristics in full-scale floc blanket clarifiers

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C. Chen ◽  
S.S. Sung ◽  
W.W. Lin ◽  
D.J. Lee ◽  
C. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Capillary Suction ◽  
Zeta Potentials ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
Water Supply Company ◽  
Clarified Water

We monitored the changes in concentrations, zeta potentials, sizes and capillary suction times of the solids flocs in the clarified water from eight floc blanket clarifiers of PingTsan Water Works of Taiwan Water Supply Company with low (&lt;10 NTU) and high (&gt;100 NTU) turbidity raw water. For the former, one-stage coagulation-sedimentation treatment was adopted which yielded a rather unstable blanket. Complete washout was noticeable when the PACl dosage was insufficient. On the treatment of high-turbidity raw water, on the other hand, the Works adopted the combined treatment process, that is, the raw water was first coagulated and settled in a pre-sedimentation tank, afterwards, its effluent was coagulated again and clarified in the clarifiers. The resulting flocs could form a networked blanket that was relatively stable to the shock load in raw water turbidity.

scholarly journals Using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for pH adjustment in water treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Ali Salim Abd Al-Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
Oil Company ◽  
Clarified Water

The aim of this paper is to explain the advantages of using sulfuric acid in Qarmat Ali water treatment plant belong to Basrah Oil Company, which produces water for injection into the Rumaila reservoirs. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid providing rapid and effective pH reduction. Maintaining the coagulation pH within the optimum value (6.4) by inject specific value of sulfuric acid to RAW water enhances the clarification performances by reducing the clarified water turbidity to minimum value (5.1). It was preferable for  operating at a pH below the saturation pH to prevent the precipitation of minerals such as calcium carbonate which are contributing to blocking the surface filters installed downstream (auto back wash filters) and The clarifiers that cause increased the feed from 500 MBD  to 1000 MBD. With a fast and rapid dissociation in Water, Sulfuric acid is an effective and practical way to lower the pH on Qarmat Ali plant which producing in excess of 1,000MBD of export water.

Monitoring for Cryptosporidium risk: do particle counters help?

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-180
Author(s):  
A. Morse ◽  
R. Wilson ◽  
A. Hull ◽  
J. Simms
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Particle Count ◽  
Water Particle ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Process Failure ◽  
Particle Counts ◽  
Clarified Water

Turbidity measurements are used extensively for monitoring water quality, and as a warning for process failure which may carry a risk of Cryptosporidium breakthrough. However, turbidity is most sensitive to particles in the submicrometre size range, whereas Cryptosporidium is 4-6 μm in diameter. The question therefore remains - do particle counters help in monitoring for the risk of Cryptosporidium breakthrough? A full year study was undertaken at a direct river abstraction works. The project aimed to establish whether particle counts can be used to predict an increased risk of Cryptosporidium breakthrough. Although protozoan (oo)cysts were often present in low numbers in the raw water, none was detected in the final water. Particle counts and turbidity measurements were carried out on three RGFs and the raw and clarified water. Online Cryptosporidium and Giardia samples were also taken daily from the three RGFs being monitored for particles, and bacteriological analyses were carried out on the same sample points. Other plant parameters and environmental factors were also monitored. Particle counts from RGFs varied significantly. The main factors influencing the filtered water particle count appeared to be raw water turbidity and algal counts, and the particulate loading rate to the filters.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF FLOCCULATION PROCESS BY MICROBIAL COAGULANT IN RIVER WATER

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatin Nabilah Murad
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Flocculating Activity ◽  
Flocculation Process ◽  
Test Process ◽  
Maximum Turbidity

The existing process of coagulation and flocculation are using chemicals that known as cationic coagulant such as alum, ferric sulfate, calcium oxide, and organic polymers.  Thus, this study concentrates on optimizing of flocculation process by microbial coagulant in river water. Turbidity and suspended solids are the main constraints of river water quality in Malaysia. Hence, a study is proposed to produce microbial coagulants isolated locally for river water treatment. The chosen microbe used as the bioflocculant producer is Aspergillus niger. The parameters to optimization in the flocculation process were pH, bioflocculant dosage and effluent concentration. The research was done in the jar test process and the process parameters for maximum turbidity removal was validated. The highest flocculating activity was obtained on day seven of cultivation in the supernatant. The optimum pH and bioflocculant dosage for an optimize sedimentation process were between 4-5 and 2-3 mL for 0.3 g/L of effluent concentration respectively. The model was validated by using a river water sample from Sg. Pusu and the result showed that the model was acceptable to evaluate the bioflocculation process.

Prediction of coagulation and flocculation processes using ANN models and fuzzy regression

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1296-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Zangooei ◽  
Mohammad Delnavaz ◽  
Gholamreza Asadollahfardi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Fuzzy Regression ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Mlp Neural Network ◽  
Fuzzy Regression Analysis ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Flocculation Process

Coagulation and flocculation are two main processes used to integrate colloidal particles into larger particles and are two main stages of primary water treatment. Coagulation and flocculation processes are only needed when colloidal particles are a significant part of the total suspended solid fraction. Our objective was to predict turbidity of water after the coagulation and flocculation process while other parameters such as types and concentrations of coagulants, pH, and influent turbidity of raw water were known. We used a multilayer perceptron (MLP), a radial basis function (RBF) of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and various kinds of fuzzy regression analysis to predict turbidity after the coagulation and flocculation processes. The coagulant used in the pilot plant, which was located in water treatment plant, was poly aluminum chloride. We used existing data, including the type and concentrations of coagulant, pH and influent turbidity, of the raw water because these types of data were available from the pilot plant for simulation and data was collected by the Tehran water authority. The results indicated that ANNs had more ability in simulating the coagulation and flocculation process and predicting turbidity removal with different experimental data than did the fuzzy regression analysis, and may have the ability to reduce the number of jar tests, which are time-consuming and expensive. The MLP neural network proved to be the best network compared to the RBF neural network and fuzzy regression analysis in this study. The MLP neural network can predict the effluent turbidity of the coagulation and the flocculation process with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.96 and root mean square error of 0.0106.

Recount pirarucu: a method for evaluating the quality of the pirarucu counts.

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Candice de Araújo Andrade ◽  
Ellen Silvia Ramos Amaral ◽  
Nataluzo Balbino da Silva ◽  
Helder Lima de Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Main Parameter ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Technical Staff

The pirarucu counting method is a simplified stock assessment that has been used as the main parameter for establishing the annual fishing quotas in the management system of the Mamirauá and Amanã Reserves. In spite of the method’s directness, considering the recent expansion of managed fisheries, we cannot confirm that the counters thoroughly obey the original methodology. There is a concern of a technical nature, as the results of the counts directly influence the fishing quotas, and the lack of technical supervision or the inadequate application of the method are factors that can compromise the management system as a whole. This study aims to assess the counts that took place in six fishing environments of the Jarauá Sector, Mamirauá Reserve, and in four fishing environments of the area of the Pantaleão Fishing Agreement Complex, Amanã Reserve. We verified the consistency of the information resulting from the count, presented to the technical staff. To do this, we conducted recounts of juvenile and adult pirarucus in the same environments. In the Jarauá Sector we found significant differences in the counting results from Samaumerinha do Tucuxi and Curuçá do Centro. In Comprido do Maciel we found differences regarding the number of counted areas. In the sampled environments from the Pantaleão region we did not find significant differences between the counts. The results highlight the importance of creating assessment mechanisms for the counts, for the purpose of preventing possible alterations in the results that might influence the fishing quotas without a biological reason for justifying such quotas.

scholarly journals Multi-Response Optimization of Coagulation and Flocculation of Olive Mill Wastewater: Statistical Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2344
Author(s):  
Srikanth Vuppala ◽  
Riyaaz Uddien Shaik ◽  
Marco Stoller
Keyword(s):  
Grey Relational Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Olive Mill Wastewater ◽  
Relational Analysis ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Coagulant Dosage ◽  
Response Optimization ◽  
Grey Relational ◽  
Flocculation Process ◽  
Olive Mill

Olive oil production is one of the important industrial sectors within the agro-food framework of the Mediterranean region, economically important to the people working in this sector, although there is also a threat to the environment due to residues. The main wastes of the olive oil extraction process are olive mill wastewater (OMW) and olive husks which also require proper treatment before dismissal. In this research work, the main goal is to introduce grey relational analysis, a technique for multi-response optimization, to the coagulation and flocculation process of OMW to select the optimum coagulant dosage. The coagulation and flocculation process was carried out by adding aluminum sulfate (Alum) to the waste stream in different dosages, starting from 100 to 2000 mg/L. In previous research work, optimization of this process on OMW was briefly discussed, but there is no literature available that reports the optimal coagulant dosage verified through the grey relational analysis method; therefore, this method was applied for selecting the best operating conditions for lowering a combination of multi-responses such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total phenols and turbidity. From the analysis, the 600 mg/L coagulant dosage appears to be top ranked, which obtained a higher grey relational grade. The implementation of statistical techniques in OMW treatment can enhance the efficiency of this process, which in turn supports the preparation of waste streams for further purification processes in a sustainable way.

A Study of Reclamation of Sewage for Industrial Waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2181-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kee Kean Chin ◽  
Say Leong Ong
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Activated Sludge System ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Treatment Train

The performance of a 480 cubic metres per day water reclamation plant was evaluated. The treatment train of this plant was sand filtration or carbon adsorption −0.45 µm cartridge filtration - reverse osmosis desalting - zeolite ion exchange deionisation. The raw water used was reclaimed sewage which had been treated by the activated sludge system and polished by chemical coagulation and flocculation, multimedia sand filtration and chlorination. After the reverse osmosis step using the spiral wound cellulose acetate membrane most of the cations, anions and heavy metals present in the water were removed.

scholarly journals Microbial water quality of treated water and raw water sources in the Harare area, Zimbabwe

Water SA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Tatenda G Chirenda ◽  
Sunitha C Srinivas ◽  
R Tandlich
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Treated Water

Study on Improving Biodegradability of Straw Pulp Papermaking Wastewater by Coagu-Flocculation and Nuclear-Flocculation

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 4361-4364
Author(s):  
Xiao Qiao Song
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combination Process ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Flocculation Process ◽  
Papermaking Wastewater

When straw pulp papermaking wastewater was treated by the process of coagu-flocculation and nuclear-flocculation, there were still high CODCr. UV254 can reflect organic pollutants and organic pollutants of unsaturated aromatic ring, carbon-carbon double bond. With the decrease of molecular weight of organic pollutants, absorption of ultraviolet light will decrease. Indirectly, it reflectd that the combination process had a good removal effect on high molecular aromatic hydrocarbons difficult to be biodegraded. Meanwhile it can improve the the biodegradability. It used the activated sludge process as subsequent process of coagulation and-flocculation process. The test results showed that the removal rate of CODCr was 24.1%, CODCr was the 88.1mg/L. It reached effluent standard.

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