Virtual geological mapping in the Lurestan region of the Zagros (NW Iran) with Google Earth

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2.1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Stefano Tavani ◽  
Amerigo Corradetti ◽  
Francesco Vinci ◽  
Mariano Parente ◽  
Stefano Mazzoli ◽  
...  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Ignacio de Paz-Álvarez ◽  
Thomas G. Blenkinsop ◽  
David M. Buchs ◽  
George E. Gibbons ◽  
Lesley Cherns

Abstract. The restrictions implemented to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021 have forced university-level educators from around the world to seek alternatives to residential physical field trips which constitute a fundamental pillar of geoscience programmes. The field-mapping course for 2nd year Geology BSc students from the Cardiff University was replaced with a virtual mapping course set in the same area as previous years, the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain). The course was designed with the aim of providing the students with the same methodology employed in physical mapping, gathering discrete data in stops located along five daily itineraries. Data included bedding attitude, outcrop descriptions with a certain degree of ambiguity, photographs and/or sketches, panoramic photos and fossil images. Data was provided to the students through georeferenced KMZ files in Google Earth. Students were asked to keep a field notebook, define lithological units of mappable scale, identify large structures such as thrust faults and folds with the aid of age estimations from fossils, construct a geological map on a hard-copy topographic map, draw a stratigraphic column and cross sections, and plot the data in a stereonet to perform structural analysis. The exercise allowed a successful training of diverse geological field skills. In the light of the assessment of reports and student surveys, a series of improvements for the future is considered. Though incapable of replacing a physical field course, the virtual exercise could be used in preparation for the residential fieldtrip.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Ferrari ◽  
Juan Carlos Castillo-Reynoso ◽  
Teresa Orozco-Esquivel ◽  
Argelia Silva-Fragoso

We present a first interactive digital geological map of the southeastern part of the Sierra Madre Occidental at its borders with the Mesa Central. The area of the geological cartography covers approximately 120,000 km2 that includes part of the states of Jalisco, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Durango. The geology has been compiled in ArcGIS through an interpretation of all the information available in the literature, integrated with our own geological mapping. Published maps were georeferenced and, as far as possible, the traces of the geologic limits and structures with a clear morphological expression were refined using digital elevation models and satellite images available in Google Earth. The map includes 15 geological units and the main tectonic structures. The informal geological units used in the map are chronostratigraphic and lithological and are designed to highlight the main magmatic episodes that shaped the region. The age assignment for each unit has been compared with a geochronological database that includes 304 ages. The lithological classification of each polygon has been compared for consistency with a geochemical database compiled from the literature that includes 313 samples. We also added a layer of information with the main hot springs of the region and their temperature.


Solid Earth ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez ◽  
Thomas G. Blenkinsop ◽  
David M. Buchs ◽  
George E. Gibbons ◽  
Lesley Cherns

Abstract. The restrictions implemented to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021 have forced university-level educators from around the world to seek alternatives to the residential physical field trips that constitute a fundamental pillar of Geoscience programmes. The field-mapping course for second-year Geology BSc students from Cardiff University was replaced with a virtual mapping course set in the same area as previous years, the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain). The course was designed with the aim of providing the students with the same methodology employed in physical mapping, including such skills as gathering discrete data at stops located along five daily itineraries. Data included bedding attitude, outcrop descriptions with a certain degree of ambiguity, photographs and/or sketches, panoramic photos, and fossil images. Data were provided to the students through georeferenced KMZ files in Google Earth. Students were asked to keep a field notebook, define lithological units of mappable scale, identify large structures such as thrust faults and folds with the aid of age estimations from fossils, construct a geological map on a hard-copy topographic map, draw a stratigraphic column and cross sections, and plot the data in a stereonet to perform structural analysis. The exercise allowed for successful training of diverse geological field skills. In light of the assessment of reports and student surveys, a series of improvements for the future is considered. Though incapable of replacing a physical field course, the virtual exercise could be used in preparation for the residential field trip.


Author(s):  
M. V. Zadorozhnyy ◽  
I. D. Zolnikov ◽  
N. V. Glushkova

Detailed geological mapping of Olon-Ovoot gold-ore cluster (South Mongolia) on the basis of interpretation of satellite imagery of medium and high spatial resolution The article presents the results of geological interpretation the territory of the Olon-Ovoot ore cluster by space imagery of medium and high spatial resolution. A Sentinel-2 imagery, chosen for interpretation, was orthorectified and reduced to a common spatial resolution (10m) The iron-hydroxid and ferrous-silicates indices in Sentinel-2 imagery were used to detect the perspective gold-bearing objects. The sub-pixel structure of the imagery Sentinel-2 were analyzed by means of satellite imagery of high spatial resolution by Google Earth for detecting areas concentration of the quartz-carbonate veins. The study of the spectral domain in high-resolution imagery not necessary for detecting lineaments by structural and morphological interpretation. The interpretation of the remote sensing data provide a unique opportunity to substantial specify the geological structure of the territory and change the level of mapping from the scale of 1 : 200 000 to the scale of 1 : 20 000 for the perspective areas. The integration of satellite images of different functional scale provided an tenfold increase for some geological objects (for example dikes). Detailed mapping of the territory allowed to come for geoinformation modeling of geological structural elements and predictive indicators.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Duclaux ◽  
Carole Petit ◽  
Gueorgui Ratzov ◽  
Michel Corsini ◽  
Chrystele Verati ◽  
...  

<p>Structural geologists love their compass and cherish their maps and field book more than anything, don’t they? And they are absolutely right to do so! Now, technical evolutions and the increasing availability and use by geology professionals of digital devices for structural and geological mapping means that our teaching curriculum also has to evolve and engage in these new ways of doing geology. Nevertheless, introducing tablets as field tools in the curriculum has not been so easy… If we had received one euro every time we heard that our students need to learn how to measure geological structures with a compass and maintain a proper field book rather than use a tablet for geological mapping we would be rich! We heard complaints from colleagues because students were getting too excited about using tablets… We argue that the issue with digital mapping and the use of tablets as field tools does not lie in the tools themselves, but in the overall methodology that is simply not properly mastered by the students, and that introducing exciting new tools helps overcoming the lack of interest of some and better engage them in the field in general.</p><p>The Earth Sciences Department at the Université Côte d’Azur purchased a pool of 15 iPad-mini units (3G models, as only those are equipped with GPS) protected in water-resistant and dust-proof cases. Students are given the tablet along with a battery pack, so they can charge their devices in remote locations and keep using them for mapping for at least three days. We have used a range of free apps for mapping, depending on the objectives of the field campaigns. For brittle deformation and fault slip data analysis students have access to Rick Allmendinger’s free app: FaultKin. We have been using for digital mapping in various terrains, the free Field Move app developed by Petroleum Experts Limited. Data acquired in the field (including georeferenced pictures, structural measurements, units contacts, and faults traces) have been seamlessly imported in GIS tools like Google Earth or QGIS, and been used for generating maps and field reports. We made mistakes assuming that some mapping techniques were already understood, and we are trying to improve our teaching content both in the field and in class to better prepare our students in using digital technology. Finally, we want to emphasize that the tablets are not replacing but complementing traditional mapping techniques. After a year using these tablets we have had a great engagement from our Master students and aim to introduce these tools progressively as part of the undergraduate curriculum, still insuring that correct observations are done in the field and detailed descriptions are properly entered on the tablets.</p>


2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hollier ◽  
Virgilio Blardone ◽  
Tullio Basaglia ◽  
Anita Hollier

Angelo Sismonda (Ange Sismonda) was an Italian mineralogist and geologist based in Turin during the Risorgimento who produced pioneering maps of the Alps in the Kingdom of Sardinia. Well known during his lifetime, he is now mentioned only in passing by historians and no comprehensive bibliography of his work exists. To render his work more accessible, we present a short biography and a bibliography.


Author(s):  
Mauricio Vega-Araya

La Tierra y su biosfera están cambiando constantemente, por lo tanto, es fundamental detectar los cambios con el fin de entender su impacto en los ecosistemas terrestres. Los esquemas de monitoreo de ecosistemas han evolucionado rápidamente en las ultimas décadas. En el caso del monitoreo forestal, los métodos y herramientas que facilitan la utilización de imágenes satelitales permiten realizar este monitoreo con el cual se puede detectar donde y cuando un bosque es eliminado o afectado debido a un evento de deforestación o bien de fuego, lo anterior casi en tiempo real. Estas nuevas herramientas están disponibles para su implementación, sin embargo, ningún paı́s de la región centroamericana y el Caribe ha implementado un sistema como herramienta de decisión dentro de una estructura de gobierno central o federal debido a la ausencia de programas de transferencia de tecnologı́a o programas de capacitación de talento local. Los sensores remotos proporcionan mediciones consistentes y repetibles que permiten la captura de los efectos de muchos procesos que causan el cambio, incluyendo, por ejemplo, incendios, ataques de insectos, agentes de cambio naturales y antropogénicas como por ejemplo, la deforestación, la urbanización, la agricultura, etc. Las series temporales de imágenes de satélite proporcionan maneras para detectar y vigilar cambios en el tiempo y en el espacio, esto consistentemente durante los últimos 30 años a nivel mundial. Los incendios forestales afectan el proceso de sucesión del bosque, no obstante, es muy limitada la existencia de estudios locales que relacionen el efecto de los incendios forestales con las diferencias en la información espectral a partir de sensoramiento remoto. En el presente estudio se plantea y propone la utilización y aprovechamiento de lo que se ha denominado grandes datos, especialmente con el advenimiento muchas plataformas de sensores remotos como Landsat, MODIS y recientemente Sentinel, para identificar cuál es el efecto de los incendios forestales en la sucesión y sus elementos perturbadores, como por ejemplo, la presencia de lianas. Se procesaron las series temporales se usó la plataforma digital Google Earth Engine, que permitió la selección y reducción de la información espacial de los ı́ndices de vegetación en tendencia, estacionalidad y residuos. Se analizó la respuesta de estos ı́ndices en sitios con diferente afectación por incendios forestales. Con estos índices se pretende desarrollar modelos de clasificación de series espaciales de tiempo de los ı́ndices y poder ası́ comprender los cambios en el tiempo y el espacio de los ecosistemas afectados por incendios forestales. Preliminarmente, se encontró una relación entre la incidencia de los incendios forestales y el fenómeno del Niño-Oscilación del Sur para el índice de vegetación denominado índice de área foliar. Además, la evidencia indica que el índice normalizado de vegetación si presenta diferencias respecto a los sitios que tienen un historial de fuegos diferente. El establecer esta relación implica estudiar también los regı́menes de precipitación y temperatura. El descomponer las series de tiempo facilitó la correlación con otras series de tiempo, permitiendo establecer las bases de un monitoreo y a su vez, relacionar las índices de vegetación y su variación con otros elementos climáticos, como por ejemplo, el efecto ENOS.


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