scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE PRICING POLICY OF HOTEL ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Maliuga ◽  
Oksana Zagorodniuk ◽  
Nataliya Tereshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
High Degree

The article defines that the correct method of pricing, reasonable pricing policy, consistent implementation of a sound pricing strategy - these are the necessary components of the successful operation of any enterprise operating in market conditions. The factors that determine the peculiarity of pricing in the hotel industry and influence the choice of pricing strategy of the enterprise are analyzed: seasonality of prices and tariffs; it is not possible to produce hotel services "in stock"; wide gradation of profitability of different types of services and enterprises; simultaneous sale of services in the domestic and international markets; the importance of the pricing mechanism for additional services; high degree of influence of the price level in competing hotels; pronounced market segmentation and a high level of focus on the psychological characteristics of the guest; geographical factor. It is determined that it is impossible to choose a certain pricing policy at once and implement it for a long time. It must be constantly checked and adapted to the situation in the market. We have considered the types of prices and general methods of pricing under the influence of objective and subjective factors, namely the cost of the room and the acceptability of the tariff for the final consumer. Thus, on the one hand, the hotel rate should cover the cost of maintaining the hotel and return the capital invested in it, and on the other - the cost of the room should not alienate a potential guest. There are two fundamentally different methodological approaches to setting tariffs for hotel accommodation. The main principle of the first approach is to first form a price that ensures the return on all costs and target profit and, then, its adjustment to take into account information about the level of prices prevailing in the market. The second approach is based on the reverse logic and involves determining the market price and only then adjusted depending on the level of fixed and variable costs of the enterprise to ensure the target profit. The advantages and disadvantages of direct and reverse approaches to the formation of prices for the main types of hotel services are outlined.

THE SPECIFICS OF PRICING IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentyna Nepochatenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Price Differentiation ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
The Cost

The stage of investigating the factors that influence price is the most time-consuming. The validity of strategic and tactical pricing decisions depends on how thorough the analysis is conducted. This article deals with the issues of price management in the hospitality industry, including the pricing concepts of small and medium-sized hotels. Effective pricing policy includes not only setting the initial market price, but also methods of payment, types of discounts, price differentiation on various grounds. The cost of a room depends on seasonality, class of the hotel, as well as city and country. Considered characteristic features affecting the process of pricing in today's hospitality industry deserve special attention and are key to the success of the business. The hotel seeks to set a price that would cover the costs of production, distribution, product promotion and an acceptable rate of return. There is great scope for price differentiation in hotel services, both by the type of service provided in terms of volume, standard, time, quantity and by consumer. The constraints of an active pricing policy in the hotel industry are successfully addressed by differentiating prices for services. In the hotel industry, price is an indicator of the quality of service, so the accommodation tariff should reflect the actual supply. If the advertised prices to consumers are high for a hotel in a given class, they will look for another hotel. At the same time, low prices for accommodation services will lead to lower revenues and profits for the hotel establishment. Demand for hotel services is the main regulator of price levels, so incentives and forecasts should be the most important condition when setting the most effective prices. The rule of thumb almost everywhere is that when demand increases, price increases. Pricing policy formation in the hotel is a component of a unified marketing policy and is constantly being shaped by competing companies.

scholarly journals Pedagogical communication as an acmeological problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Y.S. Ayagan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Vocational Teachers ◽  
System A ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree ◽  
System Today ◽  
Oriented System

Currently, the writing team develops the research topic «Conceptual approaches to the creation of acmeologically oriented system of training and retraining of professional education». As noted by some researchers, the economy of Kazakhstan observed two processes with the ability to permanent development and improvement. We can talk about acmeologyzation of the personality of a professional and acmeological process of its preparation, which is possible only in the case of acmeologically-educated teacher of professional education and acmeologically-oriented system of training and retraining. There is no such a system today. Foregoing leads to: the need for scientific research of fundamental bases of creation of this system; a high degree of relevance to the problem of creating acmeologically -oriented system of preparation of teacher of professional education; high level of novelty of the study – expected results of the study justify new conceptual approaches to preparation of vocational teachers; study of the problems of pedagogic acmeology as a science of teacher achievement in mastership has been attracting the attention of scientists for a long time.

scholarly journals The optical effect of thermal expansion over excessed injection molded lens arrays in modern LED outdoor luminaires

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2.) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Zsellér ◽  
Krisztián Samu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Roadway Lighting ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

For the rapid development observable in solid state lighting technology, both in favor of the better lighting performance achievable and the advantage in upkeep, changing the conventional installations to LED luminaires is often considerable in the modern roadway lighting practice. By these modernization investments the sales volume is usually high for lower additional expenses and a quicker RoI; thus the replacement products are generally cost sensitive. As the global market price of Aluminum increases on a long term trend, while the cost of the task efficient luminous power became very desirable with Light Emitting Diode; a high level of integration and compactness is demanded by such luminaire designs. This approach raises complex technical challenges, as the thermal expansion difference between the lens array and the Insulated Metal Substrate (IMS) Printed Circuit Board can lead to major deviation in the light distribution over the rated ambient temperature range. Having a robust design is a key aspect in providing a reliable, safe lighting design for any application of a global product.

scholarly journals ABOUT THE LIMITATION OF USE OF THE COST APPROACH FOR PRICE FORMING IN HOUSING MARKET

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
I. I. Ivasiv ◽  
M. O. Danyliuk
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Cost Approach ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Real Estate Valuation ◽  
New Construction ◽  
The Cost

A number of technical and economic features affecting pricing in buildingproduction, determine the methods specifics for determining prices of construction products. Intoday's conditions of building market relations the most widespread is a cost approach to theprices formation in the residential real estate market, which, together with the significantadvantages, has a number of shortcomings, which indicate the limited use of it, namely: theunreliability of reflecting the projected income value; the problem of calculating the cost of oldbuildings reproduction; the complexity of determining the value of accumulated old buildingsdepreciation; a separate assessment of the land plot from the buildings; the discrepancy betweenthe cost of the acquisition of the estimated property object costs for the new construction ofexactly the same object.The article deals with the processes of price policy formation at the building industryenterprises with the purpose of improving their competitiveness. The peculiarities of costlymethods use of real estate valuation, their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. The mainfactors influencing formation of the pricing policy of building industry enterprises are analyzed.It is proved that a cost approach is appropriate to apply for new construction analysis, forthe identification of various options for land use, for assessment for tax purposes, insurance,consequences of natural disasters and, if necessary, assessment of special buildings andstructures.

The effect on pricing strategies in the process of strategic decision making in view of cost of produced goods

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1705-1727
Author(s):  
Syed Mohammad Faisal ◽  
Ahmad Khalid Khan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Pricing Decision ◽  
The Cost

This research examined the effect of the cost of produced goods on pricing strategies in the process of strategic decision. Also examined in this research is the extended effect of pricing strategies on consumers purchase decision making. The research aimed to answer questions on the extent to which cost of produced goods affects pricing strategies of products, how decision makers realize the value-based pricing strategy of corporations and the extent to which pricing policy help consumers to make purchase decisions. This research being historical and descriptive depended basically on secondary sources of information. The research used a historical and descriptive method and depended basically and simply on secondary devices as sources of data. Results from the data acquired reference that customers have an understanding of fair value reflected in prices of the firm's products. The researcher will use both analytical and descriptive methods which appropriate the context of the current research which is generally based on the theoretical underpinnings and fieldwork. The outcomes indicate that the cost of produced products used in organizations provides quality information; there is an effect of this information on the pricing decision-making; there are parts in which pricing strategy much relied on the information provided by the cost systems.

Managing the Faustian Bargain

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pool
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

A quarter of a century ago, Alvin Weinberg offered one of the most insightful— and unsettling—observations anyone has made about modern technology. Speaking of the decision to use nuclear power, the long-time director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory warned that society had made a “Faustian bargain.” On the one hand, he said, the atom offers us a nearly limitless supply of energy which is cheaper than that from oil or coal and which is nearly nonpolluting. But on the other hand, the risk from nuclear power plants and nuclear-waste disposal sites demands “both a vigilance and a longevity of our social institutions that we are quite unaccustomed to.” We cannot afford, he said, to treat nuclear power as casually as we do some of our other technological servants—coal-fired power plants, for instance—but must instead commit ourselves to maintaining a close and steady control over it. Although Weinberg’s predictions about the cost of nuclear power may now seem naive, the larger issue he raised is even more relevant today than twenty-five years ago: Where should society draw the line in making these Faustian technological bargains? With each decade, technology becomes more powerful and more unforgiving of mistakes. Since Weinberg’s speech, we have witnessed major accidents at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Bhopal, as well as the explosion of the Challenger and the wreck of the Exxon Valdez. And looking into the future, it’s easy to see new technological capabilities coming along that hold the potential for far greater disasters. In ten or twenty years, many of our computers and computer-controlled devices may be linked through a widespread network that dwarfs the current telecommunications system. A major breakdown like those that occasionally hit long-distance telephone systems could cost billions of dollars and perhaps kill some people, depending on what types of devices use the network. And if genetic engineering becomes a reality on a large scale, a mistake there could make the thalidomide debacle of the late 1950s and early 1960s look tame.

scholarly journals Digitization of Electrocardiogram Using Bilateral Filtering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari Sankar S ◽  
Anchit Patni ◽  
Satish Mulleti ◽  
Chandra Sekhar Seelamantula
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Bilateral Filter ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Wrong Diagnosis ◽  
Butterworth Filters ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

ABSTRACTElectrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the most basic tools available for the detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) which has evolved as one of the major causes of death in recent times, spanning countries. Conventionally, ECGs are printed on graph sheets which keep fading away with time. Hence, the preservation of ECG graph sheets is difficult. Digitization of printed ECG graph sheets is a solution to this problem. Digitization also helps in faster analysis and interpretation of ECG signals. Although the previous works have succeeded in smoothing ECG after extracting the signal from graph sheet, the cost amounts to loss of peak amplitude characteristics leading to wrong diagnosis. In this work, we propose a digitization technique to extract ECG signals from graph sheets. The proposed bilateral filter based method achieves a high degree of smoothness with all the peak characteristics intact when compared to other implementations using Butterworth filters. With this technique, it is now possible to create extensive databases similar to MIT–BIH from printed ECG graph sheets. A high level of automation is achieved, and results verified with over 60 ECGs and compared.

Research of Protection Technology of Ancient Building’s Information Digital Base on GIS

2012 ◽  
Vol 450-451 ◽  
pp. 851-855
Author(s):  
Wu Di Xu ◽  
Kai Su
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Cultural Information ◽  
Protection Technology ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Way

The one of the ancient building’s important values is the historical and cultural information, in some sense, the protection of ancient building is to protect this information. Take advantage of the technology of information, we collect the information of ancient building, and in the way of database to save the information, achieve the protection of ancient building’s information. Relative to the protection of the actual ancient building, the protection of information could rapid to achieve the goal and reduce the cost. Unexpected disasters often cause serious damage to ancient buildings, only the protection of information could keep the information of ancient building for long time. The information of ancient building including information of the graph and attributes, there are the same properties with the geographical information. Take advantage of the technology of GIS, create 3D graph of the ancient building’s unity, component and structure, and collect the information of material, paint, dimension for each component, establish attribute table, connect the graph with attributes, achieve the integrative management of the ancient building’s graph and attributes. The database which is formed by the protection of ancient building’s information, it is the base which produced 3d virtual and digital ancient building through computer technology, meanwhile, digital information for the purpose of research and protection of the actual ancient building has important reference value.

scholarly journals Application of Structure from Mortion in Japanese Archaeology

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-5/W7 ◽  
pp. 235-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kaneda ◽  
Y.A. Nawabi ◽  
H. Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Complicated Form ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

In Japan, archaeological excavations carry out over fifty thousand times per year. Nowadays, archaeological data is accumulated day by day. To record these documentation about archaeological data, it is desirable to the documentation of their shape in 3-dimensional form. Structure from Motion (SfM) is the one of the cost effective method to record the 3D documentation. This paper introduces application of SfM technology to examine the validity of an archaeological documentation in Japanese archaeology in recent year. Whenever, a complicated form finding has to be recorded at an archaeological excavation. It often requires a long time to create by a traditional manual drawing. For example, a well made of reuse roof tiles, garden stones and stone chamber. By using SfM, the time spent working at the archaeological site was greatly reduced. And many platforms to take an image at the variety of archaeological site's condition, like a small UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) are tested using for wider area recording. These methods are used in disaster stricken areas in East Japan.

scholarly journals THE OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION COST OF INNOVATIVE SPECIES REMOTE OF BANKING SERVICES

2017 ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
Svetlana Sergeevna Evdokimova ◽  
Olga Vyacheslavovna Mohova
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Operating Personnel ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Party Development ◽  
On Line ◽  
Remote Care ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

The cost of developing and implementing remote banking services determines today the pricing policy of the bank. While the Internet service improves and operations are transferred to remote channels, the quality of service becomes cheaper, but does not suffer, costs are reduced, and the time of operating personnel is released. The article analyzes the cost and effectiveness of using different types of innovative remote services in comparison with standard services in the bank's office, taking into account initial investments and current costs of the period under consideration, using the methodology for assessing the results of operating activities and calculating the cost-effectiveness of online service and maintenance costs of a certain number of the on-line clients, on the one hand, and clients in the bank branch - on the other, proving that the efficiency of the bank's work in the remote servicing of retail customers has been improved. The calculation of cash flow and payback period when introducing a third-party investment development, instead of the own investment, as well as a comparative analysis of the costs of implementing an independent third-party development of a remote-care system for individuals and costs of technical support of the developer show the productivity exceedance and financial success of buying a complete, well designed system over the in-house designed system. Anyway, investments in the development and implementation of remote banking systems pay off quicker due to cost saving and increased efficiency of customer servicing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document