Reati e percezione della criminalitŕ nella zona di residenza: indifferenza o convergenza?

2009 ◽  
pp. 45-73
Author(s):  
Giovanni Sacchini
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Social Concern ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Crime Trend ◽  
Third Dimension

- According to a common conception - among researchers as well - there is no apparent relation between crime perception (or insecurity) indicated in surveys and the crime trend (indicated by the police force), since the perception seems to be influenced above all by what mass-media conveys. Literature indicates two dimensions of crime perception: social concern about criminality and personal fear of the phenomenon. However resorting to a useful empirical indicator, a third dimension may be contemplated between these two: the evaluation of criminality in the residence area. This article considers data that refers to the twenty Italian regions, collected by the National Institution for Statistics - Istat, regarding the Multipurpose Survey on Families. It describes the strong correlation existing between criminality perception in the residence area and the diffusion of certain kinds of predatory crimes, in particular those in which there is a strong author-victim interaction (robbery and bag-snatching) and those in which crime authors are interested in citizens' relevant economical and symbolic goods (houses or cars).

Theory of Electron Diffraction by Crystals

1967 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyozaburo Kambe
Keyword(s):  
Integral Equation ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Scattering Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension

A general theory of electron diffraction by crystals is developed. The crystals are assumed to be infinitely extended in two dimensions and finite in the third dimension. For the scattering problem by this structure two-dimensionally expanded forms of GREEN’S function and integral equation are at first derived, and combined in single three-dimensional forms. EWALD’S method is applied to sum up the series for GREEN’S function.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE THIRD DIMENSION ON ROUGH SURFACES FORMED BY SEDIMENTING PARTICLES IN QUASI-TWO-DIMENSIONS

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (08) ◽  
pp. 1217-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. MCCLOUD ◽  
M. L. KURNAZ
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Silica Spheres ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Roughness Exponent ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Dimensional Cell ◽  
Roughness Exponents

The roughness exponent of surfaces obtained by dispersing silica spheres into a quasi-two-dimensional cell is examined. The cell consists of two glass plates separated by a gap, which is comparable in size to the diameter of the beads. Previous work has shown that the quasi-one-dimensional surfaces formed have two roughness exponents in two length scales, which have a crossover length about 1 cm. We have studied the effect of changing the gap between the plates to a limit of about twice the diameter of the beads. If the conventional scaling analysis is performed, the roughness exponent is found to be robust against changes in the gap between the plates; however, the possibility that scaling does not hold should be taken seriously.

Contextualizing Multiculturalism: A Three Dimensional Examination of Multicultural Claims

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gila Stopler
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Orthodox Jews ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Cultural Minorities ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The Right ◽  
Nancy Fraser ◽  
Multicultural Theory

The emergence of multicultural theory and of claims of recognition by cultural, ethnic, and national minorities has brought to the forefront previously neglected aspects of the right to equality. However, when judged on their own, claims for recognition stand the risk of failing to fully capture, and even distorting, the meaning of equality. I suggest that in order to avoid this risk, multicultural claims need to be contextualized. Employing Nancy Fraser’s framework of two dimensions of justice—recognition and redistribution—and adding a third dimension—political participation, I suggest a framework for a contextualized assessment of multicultural claims that allows us to properly and fully assess their validity. I then go on to employ this framework on the claims of Israel’s two most significant cultural minorities—the Palestinian Arabs and the Ultra Orthodox Jews. I show how the use of the suggested framework helps to expose the considerable differences between these two cultural minorities, and consequently the notable difference in the merits of their claims, a difference that would have otherwise gone undetected.

People Planning by a Fixed Resource Method

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Baird ◽  
Virgil Graf ◽  
Richard Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The Ideal

Results are presented from a new method to determine a person's conception of complex stimuli. In three related experiments Ss expressed their views of ideal organisms by distributing a fixed resource among hypothetical properties of the ideal. The results from the experiments were highly correlated, lending weight to the reliability and generality of the approach. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling were used to group the properties in two dimensions, while the mean amount allocated to a property was represented in the third dimension. A three-dimensional plot was constructed for each of four ideals: the only organism on earth, a member of the only species on earth, an organism going into outer space, and an organism coming to earth from outer space.

HIERARCHICAL DIMENSIONS OF COPING STYLES: A STUDY CONDUCTED WITH TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faruk Gençöz ◽  
Tülin Gençöz ◽  
Özlem Bozo
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Turkish University Students ◽  
Third Dimension

An empirical examination was carried out of the hierarchical dimensions of coping styles in a Turkish sample. Ways of coping data were collected from 194 university students, subjected to factor analysis and 5 factors were obtained. These factors were subjected to second-order factor analysis which revealed 3 main dimensions. As predicted the first two dimensions were problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. The third dimension consisted of items related to seeking social support, implying the presence and importance of an indirect coping style. In addition to construct validity, Guttman split-half reliability and criterion validity of these three higher order factors revealed good reliability and validity outcomes. It was also emphasized that these 3 higher order factors constituted independent dimensions of coping styles. Implications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Epistemological Beliefs of Preservice Teachers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Aşkın Baydar
Keyword(s):  
Preservice Teachers ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
Epistemological Beliefs ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Faculty Of Education ◽  
Third Dimension

This study examined the epistemological beliefs of preservice teachers, from naïve to sophisticated, from five different departments of the faculty of education in a Turkish university. By using the adapted form of the Schommer Epistemological Questionnaire, social studies, science, Turkish, mathematics, and classroom preservice teachers were surveyed and their epistemological belief levels were determined in terms of department and gender variables. Epistemological beliefs were examined in three dimensions: beliefs that pertain to learning depending on effort, beliefs that pertain to learning depending on ability, and beliefs that pertain to there being only one unchanging truth. The analysis indicated that generally all in departments, preservice teachers have sophisticated beliefs regarding the first two dimensions of the questionnaire. For the third dimension, they seem be at medium level. The results show that for the second dimension females have more sophisticated beliefs than males. For the other two dimensions there was no significant difference between females and males. A significant difference was found only for the first dimension and only between mathematics and classroom preservice teachers.

scholarly journals Responsiveness and Renewal in Canada's Community Colleges: A Study of Change in Organizations

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Levin ◽  
John D. Dennison
Keyword(s):  
Community Colleges ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Managing Change ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fiscal Support ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The 1960S

This study deals with change in organizations. Specifically, the focus is upon Canada's community colleges during a period of economic and socio-political change in the 1980s. Canadian colleges, born and nurtured within an unprecedented era of postsecondary educational expansion in the 1960s, were founded upon ideals of democratization of opportunity, accessibility, adaptability, and comprehensiveness. This study examines if and to what extent the colleges have retained these principles in confronting external and internal forces during the last decade. The theoretical model designed for the study involved a three-dimensional matrix in which theories of adaptation (Cameron, 1984) and power, (Mintzberg, 1979) form two dimensions. The third dimension is created from a variety of optional developmental models specific to the community college as an organization (McCartan, 1983; Cross, 1985; Dennison and Gallagher, 1986). The results of the study revealed that much of the idealism and innovation which guided the colleges in earlier days was still to be found. However, in attempting to deal with increased direction from government, and from reduced fiscal support, the colleges have sought several ways to adjust or adapt. In doing so they have become more enterpreneurial, less community-oriented, and more tightly managed. Diversity, however, was also evident, as adaptive strategies differed widely in various regions across Canada. By applying the matrix designed for the study, it was possible to determine that colleges were managing change by utilizing a variety of techniques. Change in community colleges involves a diversity of methods and produces a diversity of results.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Test Positivity Rate as a marker for hospital overload

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Gaspari
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Second Phases ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe use of antigen tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in Italy has risen sharply in autumn 2020. Although, Italian regions like Alto Adige, Veneto, Toscana, Lazio, Piemonte and Marche did a large use of these tests for screening and surveillance purposes or for implementing diagnosis protocols, in addition to molecular tests, they were not reported in the statistics in the last months of 2020. As a consequence of this situation the test positivity rate (TPR) index, defined as the number of new positive cases divided by the number of tests, has lost in accuracy. Only in the recent days, starting from the 15th of January 2021, antigen tests have become part of the statistics for all the Italian regions. Despite the lack of data, we have noticed that TPR has a strong correlation with the number of patients admitted in hospitals, and that TPR peaks in general precede the peaks of hospitalized people which occur on average about 15 days later.In this paper, we have deepened this intuition, analysing the TPR course and its relationship with the number of hospitalized people. To conduct the study we have defined a novel version of the TPR index which takes into account the number of tests done with respect to the population (considering both molecular and antigen tests), the number of infected individuals, and the number of patients healed. Successively, starting from a limited set of data which were made available in November 2020, we have reconstructed the antigen tests time series of four Italian regions, and we computed the TPR index for them.The results show that TPR peaks precede peaks of hospitalized people in both the first and the second phases of the pandemic in Italy, provided that antigen tests are considered. Moreover, the TPR index trend, can be used to deduct important information on the course of the epidemic, and on the impact of COVID-19 in the health care system, which can be monitored in advance.

scholarly journals Pharmacoadherence: An Opportunity for Digital Health to Inform the Third Dimension of Pharmacotherapy for Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
David C. Klonoff ◽  
Jennifer Y. Zhang ◽  
Trisha Shang ◽  
Chhavi Mehta ◽  
David Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Insulin Pens ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics

The basis of pharmacotherapy requires knowledge of two properties of a drug: pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). In the era of precision medicine, there is growing interest in determining between-individual variations in PK and PD. While these two dimensions of pharmacotherapy are key foci of investigation, a third property is also emerging as a critical factor in understanding how a drug affects an individual. This third property of a drug is known as phamacoadherence (PA). There can be wide variation in PA among people with diabetes, whether they are using oral or injectable medications. The use of new digital health interventions and telehealth communication tools, such as smart insulin pens, is now creating opportunities for health care professionals to have a more complete understanding of the PA of drugs, which allows for more personalized prescribing practices.

The spectrum of ecosystem functional properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirco Migliavacca ◽  
Talie Musavi ◽  
Miguel D. Mahecha ◽  
Jacob A. Nelson ◽  
Juergen Knauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Third Dimension

<p>Understanding the coordination of ecosystem functions across biomes and climate is still a major challenge that hampers our ability to properly predict biosphere response to climate change. Theories such as the leaf economics spectrum and the least cost investment strategy postulate that plants optimize the rate of investment in transpiration, photosynthetic capacity, and nitrogen (N) allocation dependent on the ratio of their costs to gain given their resources and environment.</p><p>In this contribution we test whether theories about functional traits coordination at leaf and organs level are emerging at ecosystem scale. We further investigate the existence of a global spectrum of ecosystem functional properties, and analyze how state of the art terrestrial biosphere models reproduce the spectrum.</p><p>To do so we used data of CO<sub>2</sub>, water and energy exchange for 164 sites (1237 site years) from the FLUXNET LaThuile and FLUXNET 2015 datasets with at least 3 years of data. For 61 sites, we were able to compile site information on canopy-scale measurements of foliar N concentration, maximum leaf area index , and stand age, from the literature.</p><p>We find evidence that a global spectrum of ecosystem functional properties exist, and that most of the variability (66.2%) is captured by three dimensions. The first dimension represents ecosystem productivity; the second the water availability gradient, and climate limitations to productivity; the third dimension reflects ecosystem respiration potential and carbon-use efficiency and is related to aridity and stand age and disturbance regimes. The first two dimensions of the spectrum are well captured by ecosystem models, while the third dimension is poorly reproduced. This might be related to the spin up of the models (steady-state condition) or to an incomplete representation of processes related to age that might limit the ability of models to accurately predict the dynamic carbon, water and nutrient cycling in ecosystems in disturbed areas.</p><p>Finally, we show across ecosystems globally that leaf level theories can be in some cases translated to the ecosystem scale. As a main example we found an inverse relationship between photosynthetic N and water use efficiency as postulated by the least cost investment theory across FLUXNET sites. However, this is possible only when the contribution of vegetation is properly accounted for, and evaporation from soil and wet surfaces is removed from the analysis. This highlights that emerging biological patterns at ecosystem scale might be masked by other factors related to physical rather than biological responses.</p>

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