Cognitive biases in private branding (an fMRI experiment of over-the-counter drugs)

2012 ◽  
pp. 105-123
Author(s):  
Gianpiero Lugli ◽  
Donata Tania Vergura ◽  
Cinzia Di Dio ◽  
Beatrice Luceri
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Private Label ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Emotional Involvement ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Otc Drugs ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
Marketing Decision

The present study aims to analyze the neural mechanisms involved in private label choice by means of fMRI. The purpose is to answer the following main question: is the mental process that leads to the choice of the private label similar to that developed for the industrial brand? The experiment in the otc drugs category showed that the private label determines emotional brain activation equivalent to that of the industrial brand; that the price information increases the level of consumer concentration; that the higher the price gap between the private label and the leading brand, the greater the emotional involvement of private label purchasers; that the lower the price gap between the private label and the leading brand, the greater the emotional involvement of leading brand purchasers. The outcome can improve marketing decision process of both retailers and industrial companies.

Over-the-Counter Monograph Safety, Innovation, and Reform Act

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-327
Author(s):  
Jason Gardiner ◽  
Aaron S. Kesselheim
Keyword(s):  
Over The Counter ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Otc Drugs ◽  
The Us

AbstractOver-the-counter (OTC) drugs are ubiquitous in the US. Policymakers have long debated how to modernize the system for making determinations of safety and effectiveness and addressing safety issues with OTC drugs.

scholarly journals Behavior of Medical Students toward Over-the-Counter Drugs in Comparison to Students from Other Faculties, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
Amar Fathi Mohamed Khalifa ◽  
Yasser Nabil AlKhudairy ◽  
Adel Ahmed Algahtani ◽  
Bandar Mohammed Abduljabbar ◽  
Fahad Majed Aldawsari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Otc Drugs ◽  
Professional Guidance

Background: Over-the-counter-drugs (OTC) are drugs that can be obtained by patients without a prescription from a physician. In Saudi Arabia, it has been reported that more than half of university students practiced self-medication and used OTC drugs. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study, among medical and non-medical students in Riyadh. The sample size was 421, by systemic random sampling. A pre-coded pre-tested online questionnaire was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS V 23. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was no significant relationship between what the participants were majoring in and the usage of OTC drugs (p value= 0.373). Gender also had no relation with the use of OTC (p value= 0.168). Panadol appeared as the most commonly used OTC drug 62.9% for the relief of the most commonly mentioned factor which is headache 50.12%.  Conclusion: Medical education didn’t have much of an effect on the use of OTC drugs. Moreover, professional guidance or advice was not considered most of the time for taking OTC, but the majority of respondents portrayed good behavior towards usage of OTC.

scholarly journals Evaluate use of over the counter drugs among medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Megha Sood ◽  
Jagminder Kaur Bajaj ◽  
Nipunjot Grewal
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Care Teaching ◽  
Otc Drugs ◽  
Abdominal Symptoms

Background: In our country there is easy availability of drugs over the counter leading to their unintentional misuse and abuse. Over the counter availability of drugs does offer the benefit of easy access to medicines and allows individuals to become in charge of their own health. It is important to understand that medical education can impact the OTC drug use amongst medical students. In order to observe the pattern of OTC drug use among the first and second professional MBBS students we planned this study. The aim of the study was to evaluate use of over the counter (OTC) drugs among medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: Our study was a cross sectional study conducted on first and second professional MBBS students. Authors administered a self structured, prevalidated questionnaire to the students. The data obtained was tabulated, analyzed and the results calculated in percentages.Results: The use of OTC drugs is common amongst undergraduate students.  All (100%) the students who participated in the study had used OTC drugs at some point in their life. The common conditions prompting use of OTC drugs include head ache, body aches (74%), fever (72%), respiratory conditions such as: cold (60%), cough (28.5%), abdominal symptoms such as: abdominal pain (14%), gastritis (7.5%), diarrhea (6%), vomiting (5%) and allergies (10%). Very few students reported adverse drug reactions with these drugs.Conclusions: From our study we have concluded that OTC drugs are commonly used amongst medical students. So, periodic training and talks on self medication are necessary for them. Student knowledge in this aspect will help them in future counseling of their patients.

scholarly journals People’s expectations in Ho Chi Minh City when buying over - the - counter drugs to self - treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Minh Ha ◽  
Nguyen The Hung
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Information Behavior ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Otc Drugs ◽  
Common Diseases

This objective is to study determinants of people’s expectation in Ho Chi Minh city when buying over – the counter drugs to self – treatment. With a directly surveyed dataset of 403 citizens over 18 years old who purchased medicines for self-treatment, and using the quantitative method by exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the study found factors affecting people’s expectations when buying over – the – counter (OTC) drugs to heal themselves are past purchase and use of non-prescription drugs, experience treating common diseases with OTC drugs, seeking information behavior when intending buying non-prescription drugs, the impression of the-over-counter medications and the impression of pharmacist at pharmacy by Ho Chi Minh city (HCMC) citizens.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Look at Rescuing and Restructuring General Motors and Chrysler

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austan D. Goolsbee ◽  
Alan B. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
General Motors ◽  
Difficult Decision ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Look Back ◽  
The World ◽  
Us Government

The rescue of the US automobile industry amid the 2008–2009 recession and financial crisis was a consequential, controversial, and difficult decision made at a fraught moment for the US economy. Both of us were involved in the decision process at the time, but since have moved back to academia. More than five years have passed since the bailout began, and it is timely to look back at this unusual episode of economic policymaking to consider what we got right, what we got wrong, and why. In this article, we describe the events that brought two of the largest industrial companies in the world to seek a bailout from the US government, the analysis that was used to evaluate the decision (including what the alternatives were and whether a rescue would even work), the steps that were taken to rescue and restructure General Motors and Chrysler, and the performance of the US auto industry since the bailout. We close with general lessons to be learned from the episode.

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