All are (not) equal for the crowd: Social groups moderate the effects of human density on willingness to stay and vice-virtue choices

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
Ernesto Cardamone ◽  
Gaetano "Nino" Miceli ◽  
Maria Antonietta Raimondo
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consumer Reactions ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Human Density

This research aims to understand the role of social groups in the relationships between human density and willingness to stay in the store and vice vs. virtue choices. We suggest that scholars and managers must consider not only how many customers compose the crowd (i.e., human density), but also how they relate with the other customers in the crowd (i.e., social groups). Results of an experimental study demonstrate that higher human density increases willingness to stay when ingroup and aspirational group members compose the crowd. Moreover, higher human density leads to choose more vice and virtue products in presence of dissociative and aspirational groups members, respectively. Our research shows that social factors play an important role in the analysis of human density on consumer reactions.

scholarly journals An experimental study of the role of social factors in language change: The case of loanword adaptations

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiri Lev-Ari ◽  
Sharon Peperkamp
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Semantic Domain ◽  
The Creation

AbstractThere is great variation in whether foreign sounds in loanwords are adapted or retained. Importantly, the retention of foreign sounds can lead to a sound change in the language. We propose that social factors influence the likelihood of loanword sound adaptation, and use this case to introduce a novel experimental paradigm for studying language change that captures the role of social factors. Specifically, we show that the relative prestige of the donor language in the loanword’s semantic domain influences the rate of sound adaptation. We further show that speakers adapt to the performance of their ‘community', and that this adaptation leads to the creation of a norm. The results of this study are thus the first to show an effect of social factors on loanword sound adaptation in an experimental setting. Moreover, they open up a new domain of experimentally studying language change in a manner that integrates social factors.

scholarly journals How do conflict narratives shape conflict- and peace-related outcomes among majority group members? The role of competitive victimhood in intractable conflicts

2020 ◽  
pp. 136843022091577
Author(s):  
Özden Melis Uluğ ◽  
Brian Lickel ◽  
Bernhard Leidner ◽  
Gilad Hirschberger
Keyword(s):  
Violent Conflict ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The One ◽  
Kurdish Conflict ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Conflict Narratives

Previous research in the Turkish–Kurdish conflict context highlighted two opposing conflict narratives: (a) a terrorism narrative and (b) an independence narrative. In this article, we argue that these narratives are relevant to protracted and asymmetrical intergroup conflict (e.g., independence struggles), and therefore have consequences for conflict- and peace-related outcomes regardless of conflict contexts. We tested this generalizability hypothesis in parallel studies in the context of Turkish–Kurdish (Study 1) and Israeli–Palestinian relations (Study 2) among majority group members (Turks and Jewish Israelis, respectively). We also investigated competitive victimhood as a potential mediating variable in the relationship between conflict narratives on the one side and support for non-violent conflict resolution, forgiveness, and support for aggressive policies on the other, in parallel studies with the two aforementioned contexts. We argue that the terrorism narrative is essentially a negation of the narrative of the other group, and the independence narrative is a consideration of that narrative; therefore, competitive victimhood would be lower/higher when the narrative of the other is acknowledged/denied. Results point to the crucial relationship between endorsing conflict narratives and conflict- and peace-related outcomes through competitive victimhood, and to the possibility that these conflict narratives may show some similarities across different conflict contexts.

The Role of Narcissism in Group Psychotherapy

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Battegay
Keyword(s):  
Group Psychotherapy ◽  
Group Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Five Phases

This article analyzes five phases in the group process in which narcissism may, also on an archaic basis, be seen to be present, and its effect both on the individuals and the group process, as well as towards the conductor. The author also refers to the tasks of the therapist in respect of this narcissism, as it affects the individual, the other group members, and the group-as-a-whole.

Critique Without Critics?

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Dascal
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Critical Activity ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Logical Rules

The ArgumentTwo dominant models of criticism are identified and analyzed. One is selfconsciously normative. It conceives of criticism as subject to strict logical rules. The other views itself as essentially descriptive and accounts for the critical activity in terms of social factors. In spite of their different origins and purposes, it is argued that both models share a reductionistic thrust, which minimizes the role of the critic qua agent. It is further agreed that neither provides an adequate account of critical activity and its role in science.

scholarly journals Genotype-by-genotype epistasis for exploratory behaviour in D. simulans

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200057
Author(s):  
Allison Jaffe ◽  
Madeline P. Burns ◽  
Julia B. Saltz
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Exploratory Behaviour ◽  
Genotype Group ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
Social Plasticity ◽  
Group Members

Social interactions can influence the expression and underlying genetic basis of many traits. Yet, empirical investigations of indirect genetic effects (IGEs) and genotype-by-genotype epistasis—quantitative genetics parameters representing the role of genetic variation in a focal individual and its interacting partners in producing the observed trait values—are still scarce. While it is commonly observed that an individual's traits are influenced by the traits of interacting conspecifics, representing social plasticity, studying this social plasticity and its quantitative-genetic basis is notoriously challenging. These challenges are compounded when individuals interact in groups, rather than (simpler) dyads. Here, we investigate the genetic architecture of social plasticity for exploratory behaviour, one of the most intensively studied behaviours in recent decades. Using genotypes of Drosophila simulans , we measured genotypes both alone, and in social groups representing a mix of two genotypes. We found that females adjusted their exploratory behaviour based on the behaviour of others in the group, representing social plasticity. However, the direction of this plasticity depended on the identity of group members: focal individuals were more likely to emerge from a refuge if group members who were the same genotype as the focal remained inside for longer. By contrast, focal individuals were less likely to emerge from a refuge if partner-genotype group members remained inside for longer. Exploratory behaviour also depended on the identities of both genotypes that composed the group. Together, these findings demonstrate genotype-by-genotype epistasis for exploratory behaviour both within and among groups.

The role of advance preparation in simultaneous interpreting

Interpreting ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Díaz-Galaz ◽  
Presentacion Padilla ◽  
M. Teresa Bajo
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
High Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Simultaneous Interpreting ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Speech Segments

Current comprehension models recognize the role of prior topic-specific knowledge in the processing of general and specialized discourse (e.g. Gernsbacher 1990; Johnson-Laird 1983; Kintsch 1988). In interpreting, there is widespread consensus that interpreters work better when they prepare in advance. However, research on how preparation affects interpreting has encountered such methodological challenges as high variability and the need for appropriately sensitive measures and tasks (Gile 2005). This article reports an experimental study to assess the effect of advance preparation on simultaneous interpreting of specialized speeches, comparing seven professional interpreters and sixteen interpreting students. All participants did two simultaneous interpretations, into Spanish (their ‘A’ language) from English, of presentations from scientific congresses: one with preparation materials provided half an hour beforehand, the other without preparation. Each source text contained both ‘neutral’ and ‘difficult’ speech segments (the three types of difficulty being terminology, syntactic complexity and lack of redundancy). Dependent variables were accuracy of interpretation and length of ear-voice span (EVS), the rationale being that longer EVS probably reflects processing difficulties. The results show that both groups worked significantly better after advance preparation, this being reflected both in accuracy and in ability to maintain a shorter EVS. Interaction between preparation and type of difficulty was also examined.

scholarly journals Narcissism: Groundwork for Sectarian Misdemeanors

2020 ◽  
pp. 08-16
Author(s):  
Saeed Shoja Shafti
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Forensic Psychiatry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
State Of Mind

In DSM-5, the sector of ‘Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention’, has discussed about cults. The said section covers all conditions and problems that are a focus of clinical attention or that may otherwise affect the diagnosis, course, prognosis, or treatment of a patient's mental disorder. While cults are usually led by charismatic leaders, who offer acceptance and guidance to troubled followers, cult followers are strongly controlled and forced to dissolve commitment to family and others to serve the cult leader's directives and personal needs. On the other hand, there were many cult leaders, who have been convicted of violent or non-violent crimes, as a commander or committer, before, during or after their period as a cult leader. While many bio-psycho-social factors involve in the grouping and formation of sects or cults, numerous dynamics, too, may prepare the group’s state of mind for perpetrating crime. Among a number of conceivable historical, cultural, or radical causes, while psychopathy, at all times, have had a firm position in forensic psychiatry, narcissism, whether as a primary trait or as a misleadingly stirred quality, have been generally over looked. Interrelationship between narcissism and psychopathy, from one hand, and the scarce set of circumstances, on the other hand, may create a situation, full of mix-ups, which can be continued melancholically and hazardously. In the present article, the likely role of narcissism, among numerous mechanisms that may involve in establishment of sectarian misbehavior, will be discussed in more detail. Keywords: Cult; Sect; Narcissism; Psychopathy; Crime

scholarly journals Self-focused attention and safety behaviours maintain social anxiety in adolescents: An experimental study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247703
Author(s):  
Eleanor Leigh ◽  
Kenny Chiu ◽  
David M. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Conversation Partner

Background Self-focused attention and safety behaviours are both associated with adolescent social anxiety. In adults, experimental studies have indicated that the processes are causally implicated in social anxiety, but this hypothesis has not yet been tested in a youth sample. Methods This experiment explored this possibility by asking high and low socially anxious adolescents (N = 57) to undertake conversations under different conditions. During one conversation they were instructed to focus on themselves and use safety behaviours, and in the other they focused externally and did not use safety behaviours. Self-report, conversation partner report and independent assessor ratings were taken. Results Self-focus and safety behaviours increased feelings and appearance of anxiety and undermined performance for all participants, but only high socially anxious participants reported habitually using self-focus and safety behaviours. Conclusions The findings provide support for the causal role of self-focus and safety behaviours in adolescent social anxiety and point to the potential clinical value of techniques reversing them to treat the disorder.

scholarly journals The development of gender assignment and agreement in English-Greek and German-Greek bilingual children

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kaltsa ◽  
Ianthi Maria Tsimpli ◽  
Froso Argyri
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Crosslinguistic Influence

Abstract The aim of this experimental study is to examine the development of Greek gender in bilingual English-Greek and German-Greek children. Four gender production tasks were designed, two targeting gender assignment eliciting determiners and two targeting gender agreement eliciting predicate adjectives for real and novel nouns. Participant performance was assessed in relation to whether the ‘other’ language was a gender language or not (English vs. German) along with the role of the bilinguals’ Greek vocabulary knowledge and language input. The results are argued to contribute significantly to disentangling the role of crosslinguistic influence in gender assignment and agreement by bringing together a variety of input measures such as early and current amount of exposure to Greek, the role of area of residence (i.e. whether Greek is the minority or the majority language), the effect of maternal education and the amount of exposure to Greek in a school setting.

scholarly journals Protección a la vivienda en las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: escenarios y cumplimiento

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-45
Author(s):  
Magda Yadira Robles Garza ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
American System ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Governments

Protection for people or social groups that do not have a home or who have it lost because of wars, internal or external displacement, violence and insecurity, require special attention from States. To address this approach, the criterion or standard established in the Inter-American System of Human Rights with respect to the protection of this right through the connection of rights will then be analyzed. The judgments could set out the standard of protection that from national governments must be afforded to people who lose their homes in these contexts and, on the other hand, the role of the State in complying with these claims, in order to conjecture the autonomous declaration of the right to housing in the judicial headquarters of the region of the Americas.

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