Beyond the tragedy of the Commons

2009 ◽  
pp. 35-60
Author(s):  
Xavier Basurto ◽  
Elinor Ostrom
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Patterned Structures ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Jel Classifications

- To move beyond Hardin's tragedy of the commons, it is fundamental to avoid falling into either of two analytical and policy traps: deriving and recommending "panaceas" or asserting "my case is unique". We can move beyond both traps by self-consciously building diagnostic theory to help unpack and understand the complex interrelationship between social and biophysical factors at different levels of analysis. We need to look for commonalities and differences across studies. This understanding will be augmented if the rich detail produced from case studies is used together with theory to find patterned structures among cases. In this paper, we briefly illustrate important steps of how we can go about diagnosing the emergence and sustainability of self-organization in the fishing context of the Gulf of California, Mexico. By doing so, we are able to move away from the universality proposed by Hardin and understand how two out of three fisheries were able to successfully self-organize, and why one of them continues to be robust over time.Keywords: sustainable development; renewable resources fisheries; renewable resources commonsJEL classifications: QO1; Q20; D70Parole chiave: sviluppo sostenibile; risorse rinnovabili; zone di pesca; proprietŕ comuni

scholarly journals La tragedia de los comunes: un enfoque teórico-experimental / The Tragedy of the Commons: a Theoretical-Experimental Approach

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Aguado Franco
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Regeneration Rate ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Over Exploitation

ABSTRACTThe exhaustion of natural resources is partly due to natural causes but is also a result of human activity. The effects of human activity depend on the type of natural resource, especially the management of biological populations. If there is free access to the resource, rivalry can to rise. For renewable resources, the rate of use or harvest must not exceed the regeneration rate, but individual rationality leads to over-exploitation. This occurs because the benefits of exploitation accrue to individuals, each of which is motivated to maximize his own use of the resource, while the costs of overexploitation are distributed between all those to whom the resource is available: it's the "Tragedy of the Commons". Prisoner's Dilemma does not to capture all the characteristics of the "Tragedy of the Commons" of renewable resources, especially the progressive scarcity of the resource, and the interaction among several people. We study in the frame of game theory laboratory experiments the "Tragedy of the Commons", to explain people behaviour in this context.RESUMENEl agotamiento de los recursos naturales se produce, además de por causas naturales, como consecuencia de la actuación del hombre, y el efecto de su actuación tendrá mayor o menor incidencia en función del tipo de recurso de que se trate. En concreto, en lo que hace referencia a los recursos biológicos, su supervivencia dependerá no solamente de cuestiones naturales que puedan afectar al crecimiento de la biomasa, sino también del uso que realicemos de ellos. Generalmente existen intereses encontrados entre los potenciales usuarios de este tipo de recursos, especialmente cuando existe libertad de acceso para su explotación. Para asegurar su supervivencia, sería necesario que no se utilizaran sistemáticamente por encima de su tasa natural de regeneración, pero la lógica individual lleva a seguir explotándolos por encima de dicha tasa, dado que los costes de la sobreexplotación recaen sobre el conjunto, mientras que las ganancias se producen en su totalidad para cada individuo. Este hecho es conocido como la “tragedia de los comunes”. Este problema se presenta frecuentemente como un “dilema del prisionero”, pero éste no plasma en su totalidad las características que definen a los recursos biológicos, en especial en lo que hace referencia a ese progresivo agotamiento del re-curso, ni a la interacción entre varios individuos –más de dos- inmersos en un problema de estas ca-racterísticas. En el marco de la teoría de juegos realizamos experimentos de laboratorio que reproducen estos problemas, lo que nos permite aislar y controlar las variables que puedan afectar al comporta-miento de los individuos en este tipo de situaciones.

"Once? No. Twenty times? Sure!" Repeated decisions and uncertainty in the tragedy of the commons

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Hardisty ◽  
Howard Kunreuther ◽  
David H. Krantz ◽  
Poonam Arora
Keyword(s):  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
The Commons

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF EDUCATION AND TOLERANCE IN STUDENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR GLEB NAYDONOV
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Interethnic Differences ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
Different Levels

The article considers the students’ tolerance as a spectrum of personal manifestations of respect, acceptance and correct understanding of the rich diversity of cultures of the world, values of others’ personality. The purpose of the study is to investgate education and the formation of tolerance among the students. We have compiled a training program to improve the level of tolerance for interethnic differences. Based on the statistical analysis of the data obtained, the most important values that are significant for different levels of tolerance were identified.

scholarly journals Modeling the ecology of parasitic plasmids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime G. Lopez ◽  
Mohamed S. Donia ◽  
Ned S. Wingreen
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Metapopulation Model ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Modern Biotechnology ◽  
Natural Ecology ◽  
Unique Plasmid ◽  
Competing Populations

AbstractPlasmids are autonomous genetic elements that can be exchanged between microorganisms via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Despite the central role they play in antibiotic resistance and modern biotechnology, our understanding of plasmids’ natural ecology is limited. Recent experiments have shown that plasmids can spread even when they are a burden to the cell, suggesting that natural plasmids may exist as parasites. Here, we use mathematical modeling to explore the ecology of such parasitic plasmids. We first develop models of single plasmids and find that a plasmid’s population dynamics and optimal infection strategy are strongly determined by the plasmid’s HGT mechanism. We then analyze models of co-infecting plasmids and show that parasitic plasmids are prone to a “tragedy of the commons” in which runaway plasmid invasion severely reduces host fitness. We propose that this tragedy of the commons is averted by selection between competing populations and demonstrate this effect in a metapopulation model. We derive predicted distributions of unique plasmid types in genomes—comparison to the distribution of plasmids in a collection of 17,725 genomes supports a model of parasitic plasmids with positive plasmid–plasmid interactions that ameliorate plasmid fitness costs or promote the invasion of new plasmids.

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