The rise of the affixal reflexive in Baltic and its consequences

Baltic Linguistics ◽

10.32798/bl.708 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Axel Holvoet ◽

Gina Kavaliūnaitė ◽

Paweł Brudzyński

Keyword(s):

Propositional Attitude ◽

Transitional Stage ◽

Verbal Form ◽

Middle Voice ◽

Reflexive Pronoun ◽

Common Thread ◽

A Chain ◽

The Baltic ◽

Process Oscillations

The article deals with the consequences of the affixalisation of the formerly enclitic reflexive pronoun in the Baltic languages. This affixalisation caused a reorganisation in the system of reflexive marking, as the new affixal forms became restricted to middle-voice meanings. The Old Lithuanian and Old Latvian texts reflect a transitional stage in this process. Oscillations in the choice of a verbal form to which an affixalising reflexive pronoun could accrete led to the rise of interesting morphosyntactic patterns with double or varying placement of the affixal marker. The disappearance of the reflexive marker from the syntax furthermore caused syntactic changes leading to the rise of new grammatical constructions. This is discussed in the article for permissive constructions as well as for raising constructions with verbs of saying and propositional attitude. The emphasis on the affixalisation process and on the semantic, morphosyntactic and syntactic processes it set in motion provides a common thread linking a number of seemingly unconnected changes. Though occurring in the prehistory of the Baltic languages, the affixalisation led to a chain of diachronic processes extending to the early 21th century.

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Reflexive permissives and the middle voice

Baltic Linguistics ◽

10.32798/bl.383 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 9-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Axel Holvoet

Keyword(s):

Middle Voice ◽

Semantic Map ◽

Formal Differentiation ◽

Reflexive Pronouns ◽

The Matrix ◽

Embedded Clause ◽

The Baltic ◽

Reflexive Function ◽

Formal Properties ◽

Matrix Verb

The article deals with the ‘permissive middle’, a permissive construction characterized by the coincidence of the permittor and the embedded clause patient (as in They allowed themselves to be cheated) and belonging to the middle voice in the sense that its formal markers, though originating as reflexive pronouns, have lost their original reflexive function. Such permissive middles can be clearly set apart from permissive reflexives in those languages which have a formal differentiation of reflexive pronouns proper and originally reflexive markers that have shifted to middle or mediopassive function. The data of the Baltic languages are used in the article to illustrate the formal properties of permissive middles (a characteristic feature is the oscillation between reflexive marking on the matrix verb and on the embedded verb) and the tendencies in their development. Permissive middles are also shown to be attested outside Baltic, e.g. in East Slavonic. The second part of the article is devoted to a discussion of the place of the permissive middle on the semantic map of the middle voice, and in particular to its relationship to the ‘curative’ middle (the ‘causative-reflexive’).

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MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA MELALUI PERMAINAN PESAN BERANTAI PADA ANAK USIA DINI DI TK RIAN KUMARAJAYA

CERIA (Cerdas Energik Responsif Inovatif Adaptif) ◽

10.22460/ceria.v2i3.p92-104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 92

Author(s):

Hilda Widyanti ◽

Erni Nurul Romlah ◽

Ade Sadikin Akhyadi ◽

Dedah Jumiatin

Keyword(s):

Action Research ◽

Research Method ◽

Class Action ◽

Research Subject ◽

Learning Method ◽

Verbal Form ◽

A Chain ◽

Group B ◽

Full Count ◽

Speaking Skills

Speaking skills are very important for an early child. The ability to speak isa verbal form of communication that is used to communicate smoothly So that other people can understand what children are up to.But most early children still have trouble speaking.Many of the factors behind it, one of which is the lack of creativity of the suspended teacher to provide The stimulus in children is applying an attractive learning method for early childhood.One method of learning that can be used is the method of chain message play.It USES a class action research method with a model of the kemmis and tagart cycles. Research subject is child group b 15 of them. Based on a pediatric research with the structure of infant speech 13%, cycle I 27% and cycle ii 66%. From the data gained it could be referenced that child's speech level can be improved through a chain message game.may add a full count of the child’s vovabulary from information received in sentences or words,so that the child’s speaking skills can be trained and can communicate with the environment. So the ability to talk a child can improved.

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Observation of Atom Rows in Thorium Pyromellitate Using a Field Emission STEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010007802x ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 80-81

Author(s):

H. Todokoro ◽

S. Nomura ◽

T. Komoda

Keyword(s):

Field Emission ◽

Amorphous Carbon ◽

Carbon Film ◽

Dark Field Image ◽

Dark Field ◽

Amorphous Carbon Film ◽

Atomic Size ◽

Wide Range ◽

A Chain

It is interesting to observe polymers at atomic size resolution. Some works have been reported for thorium pyromellitate by using a STEM (1), or a CTEM (2,3). The results showed that this polymer forms a chain in which thorium atoms are arranged. However, the distance between adjacent thorium atoms varies over a wide range (0.4-1.3nm) according to the different authors.The present authors have also observed thorium pyromellitate specimens by means of a field emission STEM, described in reference 4. The specimen was prepared by placing a drop of thorium pyromellitate in 10-3 CH3OH solution onto an amorphous carbon film about 2nm thick. The dark field image is shown in Fig. 1A. Thorium atoms are clearly observed as regular atom rows having a spacing of 0.85nm. This lattice gradually deteriorated by successive observations. The image changed to granular structures, as shown in Fig. 1B, which was taken after four scanning frames.

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Time-Resolved Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Oscillating Microtubules

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100181269 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 502-503

Author(s):

Eva-Maria Mandelkow ◽

Ron Milligan

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Dynamic Instability ◽

Entire Solution ◽

Reaction Scheme ◽

Time Resolved ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

A Chain ◽

Ray Scattering

Microtubules form part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. They are hollow libers of about 25 nm diameter made up of 13 protofilaments, each of which consists of a chain of heterodimers of α-and β-tubulin. Microtubules can be assembled in vitro at 37°C in the presence of GTP which is hydrolyzed during the reaction, and they are disassembled at 4°C. In contrast to most other polymers microtubules show the behavior of “dynamic instability”, i.e. they can switch between phases of growth and phases of shrinkage, even at an overall steady state [1]. In certain conditions an entire solution can be synchronized, leading to autonomous oscillations in the degree of assembly which can be observed by X-ray scattering (Fig. 1), light scattering, or electron microscopy [2-5]. In addition such solutions are capable of generating spontaneous spatial patterns [6].In an earlier study we have analyzed the structure of microtubules and their cold-induced disassembly by cryo-EM [7]. One result was that disassembly takes place by loss of protofilament fragments (tubulin oligomers) which fray apart at the microtubule ends. We also looked at microtubule oscillations by time-resolved X-ray scattering and proposed a reaction scheme [4] which involves a cyclic interconversion of tubulin, microtubules, and oligomers (Fig. 2). The present study was undertaken to answer two questions: (a) What is the nature of the oscillations as seen by time-resolved cryo-EM? (b) Do microtubules disassemble by fraying protofilament fragments during oscillations at 37°C?

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Introduction to the Forum on Cluttering: Rays of Hope Shine Around the World

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/2019_pers-19-00065 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 1566-1567

Author(s):

Isabella Reichel

Keyword(s):

Professional Preparation ◽

Joint Effort ◽

Feedback Training ◽

Successful Communication ◽

Self Help ◽

The World ◽

Common Thread ◽

Evidence Based Treatments ◽

Attention Performance ◽

Self Help Groups

Purpose In the 10 years since the International Cluttering Association (ICA) was created, this organization has been growing in the scope of its initiatives, and in the variety of resources it makes available for people with cluttering (PWC). However, the awareness of this disorder and of the methods for its intervention remain limited in countries around the world. A celebration of the multinational and multicultural engagements of the ICA's Committee of the International Representatives is a common thread running through all the articles in this forum. The first article is a joint effort among international representatives from five continents and 15 countries, exploring various themes related to cluttering, such as awareness, research, professional preparation, intervention, and self-help groups. The second article, by Elizabeth Gosselin and David Ward, investigates attention performance in PWC. In the third article, Yvonne van Zaalen and Isabella Reichel explain how audiovisual feedback training can improve the monitoring skills of PWC, with both quantitative and qualitative benefits in cognitive, emotional, and social domains of communication. In the final article, Hilda Sønsterud examines whether the working alliance between the client and clinician may predict a successful cluttering therapy outcome. Conclusions Authors of this forum exchanged their expertise, creativity, and passion with the goal of solving the mystery of the disconcerting cluttering disorder with the hope that all PWC around the globe will have access to the most effective evidence-based treatments leading to blissful and successful communication.

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