scholarly journals Pseudocoordination with 'take' in Baltic and its neighbours

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 237-306
Author(s):  
Nicole Nau ◽  
Kirill Kozhanov ◽  
Liina Lindström ◽  
Asta Laugalienė ◽  
Paweł Brudzyński
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Comparable Corpora ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The Baltic

This paper is the first empirical study of the construction TAKE (and V (“he took and left” = ‘he left suddenly, unexpectedly’) in contemporary Latvian and Lithuanian, carried out on a large sample of corpus data. The results obtained for Baltic are compared with Slavic (Polish, Russian) and Finnic (Estonian, Finnish) data from comparable corpora. It is argued that out of all the languages under consideration, in Baltic the construction is the most frequent and the most fixed in its form, while at the same time being able to appear in various inflectional forms and in various functions. Other languages differ in how they deviate from the Baltic type. It is also shown that its semantics is largely context-dependent, being sensitive to the semantics of the inflectional form, subject and type of the lexical verb.

Nitrogen fixation in the Baltic proper: an empirical study

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rahm ◽  
A. Jönsson ◽  
F. Wulff
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Baltic Proper ◽  
The Baltic

scholarly journals The Passive Family in Baltic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Nau ◽  
Birutė Spraunienė ◽  
Vaiva Žeimantienė
Keyword(s):  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Functional Parameters ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
And Function ◽  
Meaning And Function

Predicative constructions with passive participles in Latvian and Lithuanian exhibit great variation in form, meaning and function, ranging from pure passive to various temporal, aspectual and modal meanings. This paper uses a set of formal and functional parameters to distinguish and profile several types and subtypes of such constructions. These types are mutually related by family resemblance and constitute a ‘Passive Family’. They include dynamic and stative passives, three types of resultatives, several types of subjectless (impersonal) passives, modal constructions expressing possibility or necessity, and evidential constructions. Based on a thorough study of corpus data, the paper not only adds new insights about constructions that were already known, but also presents construction types that have not been discussed in the literature on the Baltic passive before: the Lithuanian cumulative-retrospective construction and theLatvian cumulative-experiential subtype.

scholarly journals A family of estimators of population mean using multi-auxiliary variate and post-stratification

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gajendra K. Vishwakarma ◽  
Housila P. Singh ◽  
Sarjinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Stratified Sampling ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
Auxiliary Variate ◽  
Large Sample Approximation ◽  
Sample Approximation ◽  
Optimum Estimator ◽  
Class Of Estimators ◽  
Approximate Variance

This paper suggests a family of estimators of population mean using multiauxiliary variate based on post-stratified sampling and its properties are studied under large sample approximation. Asymptotically optimum estimator in the class is identified alongwith its approximate variance formulae. The proposed class of estimators is also compared with corresponding unstratified class of estimators based on estimated optimum value. At the end, an empirical study has been carried out to support the proposed methodology.

Burstiness as a Predictor of Performance

2018 ◽  
pp. 132-173
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Teacher Professional Development ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Entrepreneurial Performance ◽  
Critical Success ◽  
Teacher Professional ◽  
The Baltic

Entrepreneurship education in teacher professional development is of paramount importance as teachers are a critical success factor in the entrepreneurship development. However, little attention has been paid to burstiness as a predictor of performance. The aim of the manuscript is to analyze the relationship between burstiness of entrepreneurship education in teacher professional development and teachers' entrepreneurial performance underpinning implementation of an empirical study in the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). The meaning of the key concepts of “burstiness,” “performance,” “entrepreneurship education,” and “teacher professional development” is studied. The findings of the empirical study allow drawing the conclusion that a level of frequency, as a criterion of burstiness, of entrepreneurship education in teacher professional development does not reflect a level of teachers' entrepreneurial performance. The novel contribution of this manuscript is the newly formulated research question on burstiness as a predictor of performance.

Lexical and prosodic routinization in conceptional orality: conversational self-reformulation in French

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-331
Author(s):  
JOHANNA STAHNKE
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Context Dependent

ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the functions and forms of conversational self-reformulation in spoken French. (Self-)Reformulations in general are a typical feature of unplanned and spontaneous conceptional orality (as opposed to conceptional distance; Koch and Oesterreicher, 1985). They exhibit retrospective modification of a reference expression, which is semantically equivalent in paraphrases and semantically different in corrections. The latter are therefore communicatively more problematic with regard to discourse intervention and turn-taking. As for the linguistic marking of self-reformulation, paraphrases are preferably introduced by lexically polyfunctional markers and prosodic deaccentuation, while corrections are marked by lexically monofunctional and prosodically overaccented structures. Since the accessibility to context-dependent forms is specifically related to conceptional orality, a more important linguistic marking of self-reformulation is hypothesized to occur in conceptional orality when compared to conceptional distance. The results of an empirical study contrasting two conceptionally different corpora suggest a generalization of paraphrastic markers in conceptional orality. This tendency is attributed to speaker-strategic routinization in which corrections are re-marked as paraphrases in order to avoid conversational intervention and, as a consequence, turn-taking. When taken over by other speakers, this routine may cause variation and, eventually, linguistic change.

scholarly journals Variables and Values in Children’s Early Word-Combinations

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-125
Author(s):  
Anat Ninio
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Common Noun ◽  
Speech Corpus ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Syntactic Form ◽  
The Core ◽  
Syntactic Development ◽  
Bare Nouns ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Children's Speech

AbstractA model of syntactic development proposes that children’s very first word-combinations are already generated via productive rules that express in syntactic form the relation between a predicate word and its semantic argument. An alternative hypothesis is that they learn frozen chunks. In Study 1 we analyzed a large sample of young children’s early two-word sentences comprising of verbs with direct objects. A majority of objects were generated by pronouns but a third of children’s sentences used bare common nouns as objects. We checked parents’ twoword long sentences of verbs with objects and found almost no bare common nouns. Children cannot have copied sentences with bare noun objects from parents’ two-word long sentences as frozen chunks. In Study 2 we raised the possibility that children’s early sentences with bare nouns are rote-learned ‘telegraphic speech’, acquired as unanalyzed frozen chunks from longer input sentences due to perceptual problem to hear the unstressed determiners. To test this explanation, we tested the children’s speech corpus for evidence that they avoid determiners in their word-combinations. The results showed that they do not; in fact they generate very many determiner-common noun combinations as two-word utterances. The findings suggest that children produce their early word-combinations of the core-grammar type by a productive rule that maps the predicate-argument relations of verbs and their semantic arguments to headdependent syntax, and not as frozen word-combinations. Children mostly learn to use indexical expressions such as pronouns to express the variable semantic arguments of verbs as context dependent; they also employ bare common nouns to express specific values of the arguments. The earliest word-combinations demonstrate that children understand that syntax is built on the predicate-argument relations of words and use this insight to produce their early sentences.

An empirical approach to the use and comprehension of mixed metaphors

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hilpert
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Corpus Data

So-called mixed metaphors have not received much attention in cognitive linguistic research, despite acknowledgments to the fact that the combination of metaphors is in fact pervasive. This paper makes the case that mixed metaphors present a unique test case for existing theories of metaphor, in particular Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Blending Theory, since these theories make different predictions with regard to the comprehension of mixed metaphors. It will be argued that mixed metaphors selectively combine aspects of semantically conflicting source domains into one figurative meaning. The argument will be made through a two-tiered empirical study that uses quantitative corpus data as well as experimental evidence.

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