Melatonin and the Optics of the Human Body

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Zimmerman ◽  
Russel.J. Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Natural Sunlight ◽  
The Impact

Melatonin is fundamental to the lighting, display, and architectural industries as the primary biomarker used in circadian theory. Billions of dollars are being spent on research, product development, and marketing based on the impact of visible light on melatonin produced by the pineal gland. It has now been shown that the mitochondria produce melatonin in many cells in quantities which are orders of magnitude higher than that produced in the pineal gland. This subcellular melatonin does not necessarily fluctuate with our circadian clock or release into the circulation system, but instead has been proposed to be consumed locally in response to the free radical density within each cell, in particular in response to Near Infrared (NIR) exposure. The main point of this review hypothesizes that the subcellular melatonin is being produced in response to the NIR photons which make up the majority of natural sunlight. Given the number of cells and quantity of subcellular melatonin identified to date, it is reasonable to propose that the body produces and maintains a melatonin reservoir that is separate and apart from the circulatory melatonin generated by the pineal gland. To understand how sunlight may support or stimulate this antioxidant reservoir, it becomes necessary to quantify the free radical density in various parts of the human body. To do this, it is necessary to move away from two-dimensional empirical approaches and develop three-dimensional bio-optical models based on the underlying biological processes at play. Three-dimensional Mechanistic Bio-optical Models (MBM) of the skin, eye, and brain based on non-sequential optical ray tracing and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) data clearly indicate that the NIR portion of natural sunlight provides the primary stimulus during the day to the majority of the cells in the human body, impacting over 60% of the cells in an adult body and 100% of the cells in the fetus and young children. It is also shown that optically, the human body, under the assumption of natural sunlight, has developed optical mechanisms to gather and localize NIR photons in the most sensitive areas of the human body: blood vessels, retina, brain, skin, and even the fetus.  That assumption is no longer valid in modern societies where the majority of our time is spent exposed to visible only lighting and displays, which emit zero NIR photons. Based on an optical and biological review of the literature and the MBM results, it is proposed that the NIR portion of natural sunlight stimulates an excess of antioxidants in each of our healthy cells and that the cumulative effect of this antioxidant reservoir is to enhance the body’s ability to rapidly and locally deal with changing conditions throughout the day. In this approach the role of circulatory melatonin produced by the pineal gland is to provide an efficient method of delivering supplemental melatonin during periods of low cellular activity and solar stimulus to damaged or aging cells in both diurnal and nocturnal animals. While circulatory melatonin may be the “Hormone of Darkness”, subcellular melatonin may be the “Hormone of Daylight”. 

Cerebral oxygenation monitoring in patients during and after cardiac arrest -- a narrative review of current methods and evidence

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cerebral Oxygenation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Oxygen Balance ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Venous Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygenation Monitoring ◽  
The Impact

Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) is a leading cause of mortality in post-cardiac arrest (post-CA) patients who successfully survive the initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) but later die in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Therefore, a key priority of post-resuscitation ICU care is to prevent and limit the impact of HIBI by optimizing the balance between cerebral oxygen delivery and demand. Traditionally, an optimal systemic oxygen balance is considered to ensure the brain’s oxygen balance. However, the validity of this assumption is uncertain, as the brain constitutes only 2%of the body mass while accounting for approximately 20% of basal oxygen consumption at rest. Hence, there is a real need to monitor cerebral oxygenation realistically. Several imaging and bedside monitoring methods are available for cerebral oxygenation monitoring in post-CA patients. Unfortunately, each of them has its limitations. Imaging methods require transporting a critically ill unstable patient to the scanner. Moreover, they provide an assessment of the oxygenation state only at a particular moment, while brain oxygenation is dynamic. Bedside methods, specifically near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO2), and jugular venous oxygen saturation monitoring (SjvO2), have not often been used in studies involving post-CA patients. Hence there is ambiguity regarding clear recommendations for using these bedside monitors. Presently, the most promising option seems to be using the NIRS as an indicator of effective CPR. We present a narrative review focusing on bedside methods and discuss the evidence for their use in adult patients after cardiac arrest.

scholarly journals Flow-induced vibrations of a rotating cylinder in an arbitrary direction

2018 ◽  
Vol 860 ◽  
pp. 739-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Bourguet
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rotating Cylinder ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arbitrary Direction ◽  
Fast Rotation ◽  
Flow Past ◽  
Symmetrical Configuration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flow Induced Vibrations ◽  
The Impact

The flow-induced vibrations of an elastically mounted circular cylinder, free to oscillate in an arbitrary direction and forced to rotate about its axis, are examined via two- and three-dimensional simulations, at a Reynolds number equal to 100, based on the body diameter and inflow velocity. The behaviour of the flow–structure system is investigated over the entire range of vibration directions, defined by the angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ between the direction of the current and the direction of motion, a wide range of values of the reduced velocity $U^{\star }$ (inverse of the oscillator natural frequency) and three values of the rotation rate (ratio between the cylinder surface and inflow velocities), $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in \{0,1,3\}$, in order to cover the reference non-rotating cylinder case, as well as typical slow and fast rotation cases. The oscillations of the non-rotating cylinder ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0$) develop under wake-body synchronization or lock-in, and their amplitude exhibits a bell-shaped evolution, typical of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), as a function of $U^{\star }$. When $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ is increased from $0^{\circ }$ to $90^{\circ }$ (or decreased from $180^{\circ }$ to $90^{\circ }$), the bell-shaped curve tends to monotonically increase in width and magnitude. For all angles, the flow past the non-rotating body is two-dimensional with formation of two counter-rotating spanwise vortices per cycle. The behaviour of the system remains globally the same for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=1$. The principal effects of the slow rotation are a slight amplification of the VIV-like responses and widening of the vibration windows, as well as a limited asymmetry of the responses and forces about the symmetrical configuration $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}=90^{\circ }$. The impact of the fast rotation ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=3$) is more pronounced: VIV-like responses persist over a range of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ but, outside this range, the system is found to undergo a transition towards galloping-like oscillations characterised by amplitudes growing unboundedly with $U^{\star }$. A quasi-steady modelling of fluid forcing predicts the emergence of galloping-like responses as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ is varied, which suggests that they could be mainly driven by the mean flow. It, however, appears that flow unsteadiness and body motion remain synchronised in this vibration regime where a variety of multi-vortex wake patterns are uncovered. The interaction with flow dynamics results in deviations from the quasi-steady prediction. The successive steps in the evolution of the vibration amplitude versus $U^{\star }$, linked to wake pattern switch, are not captured by the quasi-steady approach. The flow past the rapidly-rotating, vibrating cylinder becomes three-dimensional over an interval of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ including the in-line oscillation configuration, with only a minor effect on the system behaviour.

New Technologies, Justice, and the Body

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Fabre
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Human Body ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of medical technologies on the concept of justice and the human body. Traditionally, theories of justice require individuals to transfer material resources to other individuals who are needier or worse off. But three technologies, organ transplantation, genetic engineering, and artificial wombs, have changed our obligations to one another. It appears that justice now requires us to subject our body to sometimes invasive procedures should others need our bodily resources, particular genes, or nutrients which we no longer want to provide through our body itself.

Temperature profiles with respect to inhomogeneity and geometry of the human body

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 1110-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Werner ◽  
M. Buse
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Adequate Representation ◽  
Neutral Conditions

Temperature profiles within the human body are highly dependent on the geometry and inhomogeneity of the body. Physical parameters such as density and heat conductivity of the various tissues and variables such as blood flow and metabolic heat production of different organs are spatially distributed and thereby influence the temperature profiles within the human body. Actual physiological knowledge allows one to take into account up to 54 different spatially distributed values for each parameter. An adequate representation of the anatomy of the body requires a spatial three-dimensional grid of at least 0.5-1.0 cm. This is achieved by photogrammetric treatment of three-dimensional anatomic models of the human body. As a first essential result, the simulation system has produced a realistic picture of the topography of temperatures under neutral conditions. Compatibility of reality and simulation was achieved solely on the basis of physical considerations and physiological data base. Therefore the simulation is suited to the extrapolation of temperature profiles that cannot be obtained experimentally.

scholarly journals CONSUMER ATTITUDE TOWARDS WATER PURIFY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DEHRADUN CITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 686-693
Author(s):  
Manisha A ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Brand Preference ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Local Water ◽  
The Impact

One can survive without food but not without water. A human body is comprised of 70% of water which helps in other activities of the body like digestion and metabolic processes. Water is the most critical issue in todays world and its purity is the second. Currently,Watertreatmentmethodsincludefiltrationandheatathightemperaturetokillthebacteria inside it. As a result, consumer demand for water purifier has been increases. Several companies like KENT, HUL, Tata, Eureka Forbes, LG, Bajaj etc. have entered this segment and have launched various brands of water purifiers. Existing demand has also attracted to local players who have entered in the market and assembling water purifiers in minimum cost such as Aqua fres h, Aqua plus, Aqua grand, Aqua care, Aqua pearl, Aqua pure, Liv pro, etc. They vary in size, purification technology, price, color, patterns, usage etc. This study is conducted in Dehradun city a popular tourist place in Uttarakhand. The study mainly aims to analyze the impact of brand preference of respondents on various local water purifiers available in the market. The study also focuses on the consumer behavior towards water purifiers. This research is based on both Primary Survey, 2020 and secondary data. Study finds that, maximum of the respondents is influenced by design and comfortable size of water purifier.

scholarly journals Control over the Human Body Before and After Death: The Civil Law Aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-135
Author(s):  
L. Novoselova
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Living Will ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

In this article, an attempt is made to determine the legal status of the human body (organs and tissue) both while a person is alive and after a person dies. The article discusses the points of view of various authors in relation to the possibility of considering the human body, its organs and tissue, after their separation from the body, as objects of a person’s property rights, and also as an object of a person’s non-property rights. The article argues the impossibility of qualifying the human body and the organs that were not separated from it during life as parts – and perhaps critical parts – of the existence of the total human being, as objects of real (property) rights including the rights of the persons themselves. The human body as a single object is a personal non-property benefit. The organs and tissue separated from the body may be considered objects of real rights, but on several conditions: if they were indeed separated from the body and if the person gave permission for this in a will. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the separated organs and tissue of a human being are analyzed as things (possessions) with limited turnover. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the organs and tissue separated from the body as possessions in limited turnover are reviewed as well as the impact of personal non-property rights on this status. The main focus of the article is on the legal status of the human body and the organs separated from it after death in view of the fact that transplantology and postmortem organ donation are becoming more and more widespread. This issue is analyzed in terms of the body as a whole and as it applies to the organs and tissue that are not used for transplantation. The proposal is to base our analysis on the status of the human body after death which as a rule cannot be the object of property rights. The human body is disposed of within the framework of the protection of the personal non-property rights of the deceased, including the right of physical inviolability that covers the organs and tissue separated from the body. The article characterizes the legal nature of living wills when people give instructions as to the procedure of their burial and other means of handling their body, including donation of their bodies to science. The article examines the possibility of the right of ownership to organs and tissue separated from the body after death. This right can exist if a complex legal construct is present, including a direct or assumed living will of the person. The specific characteristics of living acts concerning the possibility of after-death organ and tissue harvesting for further use, including for transplantation purposes, and the differences between such acts and last wills are determined.

The Muon as a Tool for Scanning the Interior of the Human Body

1969 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Medium Energy ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Dimensional Picture

SummaryA completely new technique for scanning the interior of the human body is proposed which is based on the following principle: muons from an accelerator pass through two spark chambers and are stopped in the body. The decay electrons leave the body and pass also two spark chambers. The trajectory co-ordinates read out from the spark chambers allow the determination of the point of decay with high precision. The truly three-dimensional picture obtained in this way is truly three-dimensionally displayed on a screen. Several modifications of the basic method are described, the most important ones being the simultaneous recording of the muonic X-rays (equivalent to a chemical analysis) or of the muon precession. The necessary dose is low. The most serious disadvantage is the need of a medium-energy accelerator. Quantitative figures on resolution, efficiency, and dose are given.

Patternmaking for middle-aged women's swimsuit applying 3D scan pattern development

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-759
Author(s):  
Hyunjung Han ◽  
Hyunsook Han ◽  
Taehoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Aged Woman ◽  
Pattern Development ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Scan Pattern

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose the swimsuit patternmaking method suitable for the body shapes of middle-aged women and to propose the swimsuit pattern development procedures that enable automated swimsuit patternmaking.Design/methodology/approachTo propose the patternmaking method of the swimsuit, which is suitable for the body shape of middle-aged women, the swimsuit patterns were developed in three stages in this study. The measurements of the middle-aged woman body model were compared with the size of the developed pattern in each stage, and the optimal stretch rate of the fabric was defined. In total, 22 items were used for size analysis of developed patterns in each stage.FindingsThe swimsuit patternmaking method proposed in this study was derived by considering the body shapes of middle-aged women, desired design and fabric characteristics. Also, a series of processes, including obtaining a raw pattern from the surface of the three-dimensional (3D) human body, designing patterns by the expert, evaluating patterns, drafting the final pattern and the final patternmaking method, was presented.Practical implicationsThis study has great significance to provide a manual of swimsuit patternmaking for middle-aged women, which has high tightness and movement compatibility.Originality/valueThe swimsuit patternmaking method proposed in this study is relatively simple because it is based on the human body measurements and delivers the lines and the calculated values clearly and objectively rather than the patterner's intuition does so that it is suitable for the automation of the swimsuit patternmaking for the middle-aged women.

scholarly journals The impact of pelvic lateral rotation on hindlimb kinematics and stride length in the red-legged running frog, Kassina maculata

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 190060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber J. Collings ◽  
Laura B. Porro ◽  
Cameron Hill ◽  
Christopher T. Richards
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Video Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Kinematic Models ◽  
Lateral Rotation ◽  
The Impact

Some frog species, such as Kassina maculata (red-legged running frog), use an asynchronous walking/running gait as their primary locomotor mode. Prior comparative anatomy work has suggested that lateral rotation of the pelvis improves walking performance by increasing hindlimb stride length; however, this hypothesis has never been tested. Using non-invasive methods, experimental high-speed video data collected from eight animals were used to create two three-dimensional kinematic models. These models, each fixed to alternative local anatomical reference frames, were used to investigate the hypothesis that lateral rotation of the mobile ilio-sacral joint in the anuran pelvis plays a propulsive role in walking locomotion by increasing hindlimb stride length. All frogs used a walking gait (duty factor greater than 0.5) despite travelling over a range of speeds (0.04–0.23 m s −1 ). The hindlimb joint motions throughout a single stride were temporally synchronized with lateral rotation of the pelvis. The pelvis itself, on average, underwent an angular excursion of 12.71° (±4.39°) with respect to the body midline during lateral rotation. However, comparison between our two kinematic models demonstrated that lateral rotation of the pelvis only increases the cranio-caudal excursion of the hindlimb modestly. Thus, we propose that pelvic lateral rotation is not a stride length augmenting mechanism in K. maculata .

A Three-Dimensional Model of Droplet Impinging, Solidification and Suspension on the Substrate

2011 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 222-227
Author(s):  
Sheng Zhu ◽  
Feng Liang Yin ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Yuan Yuan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Metal Droplet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
High Impact Velocity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

A three-dimensional model was built to study a molten metal droplet impact on an edge of the substrate in droplet deposition manufacturing process for the first time. The whole calculation domain, including the substrate, was described using same fluid conservation equations, which is to say that the remolding and solidification of substrate was considered also. Droplet free surface was tracked by volume-of-fluid (VOF) algorithm. The effect of surface tension on the droplet was taken into consideration by means of considering surface tension to be a component of the body force. The simulated results show that the droplet in liquid phase can keep suspending on the substrate at a role of surface tension. A too high impact velocity would make parts of droplet splash away the substrate which is not allowed in manufacturing process. The offset between edge of droplet and side edge of substrate influences dramatically the impact of the droplet.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document