Zambra, Codes of Honor, and Moorish Dress: Transculturation in Calderón’s Love after Death

ROMARD ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jennie G. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Cultural Hybridization ◽  
Pivotal Moments ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Hybrid Culture ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Desperate Attempt

This paper will offer a reading of Calderón’s Love after Death (Amar después de la muerte) that is removed from the binary opposition between Christianity versus Islam, which premise readings of the text as a pro-morisco play, and focuses on teasing out nuances of transculturation inherent in the text. At pivotal moments in the play, the morisco and the “pure” Christian are simultaneously presented in opposition and equality to one another in their shared adherence to a strict moral code of honor, which is arguably a Christian contribution to Spain’s hybrid culture. The cultural hybridization of clothing and costume points to the unreliability of visible signifiers that distinguished the morisco from the “pure” Spaniard and as a result, brings forth the difficulties Spain had in self-identification in opposition to the morisco. The only real signifier – the Arabic language – is linguistic, although it is clear many words from Arabic made their way into Spanish. Read in the context of a text produced in a Spain that was located at the border between purity and hybridity and between the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe, it can be argued that the representations of cultural practices in Calderón’s re-imagination of the rebellion of Alpujarras, bring forth evidence of a gradual process of transculturation between the moriscos and Christians and shed light on Spain’s almost desperate attempt to fight that process. Through this lens, the conflict between the moriscos and the Christians appears to have been conceived in the struggle against external forces that relegated Spain to the periphery of Europe. As a result of anti-Spanish prejudices of the leyenda negra that identified “Spanishness” with “Moorishness,” Spain was at once the colonial center in relation to the Americas and the New World, and simultaneously, Europe’s very own morisco “other.”

scholarly journals The interdisciplinary aspect of the studies of transculturation and hybridization in comparative culture discourse

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Cultural Hybridization ◽  
Cultural Integrity ◽  
Hybrid Culture ◽  
Important Sign ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global World

On the basis of an expanded understanding of new literary comparativism, a transdisciplinary approach is used. Comparative methodologies are discussed in terms of comparative cultures. The basis for the use of theories of hybrid culture and transculturation is that the subject of comparative studies is the analysis of the principles of interaction between two or more cultures, and the comparison and determination of the specifics of the general and the individual. The relevance of such research is determined by the fact that in the contemporary global world there is a transformation of the theories of multiculturalism, which has actually turned into different isolated cultural practices that are not interconnected. The concepts of transculturalism and hybridization are polemicized with multiculturalism as with the lack of interaction between cultures. The most important sign of transculturation is its imagological paradigm: the Other is seen not as an object to which efforts are being made to transform it into Mine, but as an independent subject of the dialogue of cultures. Hybridization is defined as the creation of new mixed types of cultures, based on the interaction of heterogeneous cultural elements, leading to the emergence of new cultural forms as processing at the local level of global, national and regional cultures. The article deals with the Caribbean tradition, which has formed hybrid models of transculturation in three paradigms of cultural difference: cultural differentialism, cultural convergence and cultural hybridization. It explains the theory of melange by Jan Nederveen Pieterse, who proposed to define globalization as hybridization, which gives rise to global melange, of mixing. Strategies for forming ideas about national identities, the cultural integrity of nations, and ways of intercultural communication based on the concept of «nation» – do not work in today's modern global world. The theory of hybridization, as well as the theory of transculturation – as a form of interaction between cultures – is the construction of a dialogue in the context of a contradictory global world, a combination of our and another culture.

Technological Analyze of Cassava Production in the City of Campos Dos Goytacazes – RJ

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Tales Neri Borsoi ◽  
Silvio De Jesus Freitas ◽  
Paulo Marcelo De Souza ◽  
Patrick Martins Barbosa Brito ◽  
Waldinei Souza Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Cassava Production ◽  
External Forces

This study analyzes the technological conditioning factors of cassava production in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, seeking to elucidate the limitations and technological barriers that have contributed to the decline of crop production and productivity. A descriptive and quantitative methodology was adopted, in which the Survey method was used to analyze the technological factors through a questionnaire applied to 157 cassava producers in the field. The results evidenced the low degree of modernization of cassava in the municipality of Campos-RJ, intensive and extractive land use, generally produced on a small scale and with a low level of capitalization and productivity of work and land. This context seems to stimulate a vicious cycle, of low performance of the crops and profitability, low capacity of accumulation of resources, and capital and technological possibilities, favoring a gradual process of discouragement of the production. Without the possibility of gains and accumulation of income, the degree of uncertainty and risk tend to increase, as adversities and external forces make the permanence and perpetuation of the activity even more difficult, to emphasize the climatic factors and obstacles of commercialization and market. Thus, the research reinforces the need to evaluate technological alternatives that fit the local culture, as well as mechanisms that make them accessible to producers, such as: technical assistance, rural credit, social organization, among other public policies which aim to reduce the aggravation of rural activity in the municipality.

Arabic Language and Literature

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Bamia
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
The Military

There is a general tendency to confuse Arab and Muslim identities. While the majority of Arabs are Muslim, most Muslims are not Arabs. There are also non-Muslim Arabs. The first Arab conquests aimed at spreading Islam caused the Arabs to settle outside the Arabian Peninsula, extending their control over the Levant, North Africa, Mesopotamia, and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The military conquests contributed to a gradual process of Arabization, even among non-Muslims. While all Muslims are required to pray in Arabic, they use their native languages to communicate among themselves, and to read and write. Some of those languages, Farsi, Urdu, and Pashtun, to cite only a few, are written in the Arabic script to this day. Two other languages, Swahili and Turkish (Ottoman), abandoned Arabic script, the former in the 20th century, with the advent of colonialism, and the latter in 1928, under Kemal Ataturk’s rule. The requirement for Muslims to pray in Arabic contributed to the safeguard of the language during the years of political turmoil, and under French colonialism in particular. An extreme example is Algeria, where Arabic was declared a foreign language, and it is thanks to the teaching offered in the zawiyas and the madrasas that Arabic survived in that country. This survey article examines the development of Arabic language and literature from pre-Islamic times, the Jahiliyya, to the contemporary period. It introduces the various literary genres of Arabic literature, including Francophone and Anglophone literatures written by Arab writers and the literature of the Mahjar. The area covered will be referred to as the Arab world, a more accurate name than the Middle East, which includes countries and cultures that are not Arabic. The Arab world consists of twenty countries, members of the Arab League established on March 22, 1945, and stretches over two continents, Africa and Asia. The literature of the Arab world will not be referred to as Islamic literature, as was the practice among some Orientalists. The approach to this coverage is historical, following Arabic literature and language in their trajectory throughout the Arab world, from the Jahiliyya, moving through the Islamic period, the Umayyads in Damascus, the Abbasids in Baghdad, the Umayyads in Andalusia, the Fatimids in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and ending in the contemporary period.

scholarly journals Seksisme Bahasa dan Sastra Arab

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-270
Author(s):  
Rizqi Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Metaphorical Language ◽  
Women's Experience ◽  
Cultural Affair

This research finds that there are many people use negative and discriminative character toward the woman relating with their bodies and sexuality in language and literary works. In fact, the character and imagewhich arise are based on the language and culture which the works have been produced. The idea of sexuality and the body in literary works always meet to the reality, social, politic, and cultural affair so that it often forgetthe women's experience as the author and the readers. Moreover, the rule of Arabic language tends to be discriminative, producing myth, symbol, and negative image toward the woman. Since Arabic language containing bias gender creates binary opposition, namely feminine and masculine, the literary language tends to be discriminative.The research finds that thesanctity of men masculinity in ARabic culture transforms the ideology and idea of oatriarchal which are andocentric in  literary works. The use of Arabic metaphorical language of gender in the style of literary writing has an effect in the emergence of stereotype, interpretation, and the dichotomy translation, which trap readers in the nuance of patriarchy and patriarkhi.

scholarly journals Understanding how patient’s personal value systems challenge nurses’ views when providing care

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Mary Jo Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Moral Distress ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Value System ◽  
Moral Conflicts ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Personal Conflict

Background: Personal conflict as a result of differences in value systems may be a moral challenge faced by nurses when caring for individuals with different cultures and beliefs than their own and is an area of limited study. As nurses care for patients with diverse backgrounds, it is inevitable that there may be differences in values and that these moral conflicts could be distressing. This type of moral distress can cause nurse’s personal conflict as their values and beliefs may not match those of their patients.Methods: Moustakas (1994) phenomenological approach was used to elicit meaning from nurse’s stories regarding morally challenging situations. Ten nurses were solicited, but only two wrote about their experiences; one worked in a busy emergency department and the other in a rural community setting.Results: Four themes were identified: differences, moral code, weight of the transgression, and internal resolution. Value system conflict was the emergent constituent when nurses shared their stories of caring for patients with different values and beliefs than their own.Conclusions: Nurses may be challenged to care for patients who have different cultural practices than themselves. Value system conflicts may cause strife for nurses who have different beliefs than the patients they care for. Interventions that support strategies to mitigate moral distress such as simulation could be included in future research. Use of simulation as a mechanism for training can assist nurses to work through morally challenging situations.

Ecocriticism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Lousley
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Cultural Texts ◽  
Digital Film ◽  
The Aesthetic

Ecocriticism describes and confronts the socially uneven encounters and entanglements of earthly living. As a political mode of literary and cultural analysis, it aims to understand and intervene in the destruction and diminishment of living worlds. A core premise is that environmental crises have social, cultural, affective, imaginative, and material dimensions. Although ranging in its critical engagements across historical periods, cultural texts, and cultural formations, ecocriticism focuses on the aesthetic modes, social meanings, contexts, genealogies, and counterpoints of cultural practices that contribute to ecological ruination and resilience. These include myths about frontiers, progress, and human mastery over animality and nature; capitalist modes of valuing, devaluing, and radically transforming lifeworlds; and biopolitical and racialized inequalities in health, risk, development, and disposability. Ecocriticism also involves broad theoretical engagement with discursive formations and semiotic significations, including the interrogation of crisis frameworks and apocalyptic representations, considering their histories, scales, and temporalities, while also asking how any particular socioecological arrangement comes to count as a matter of concern, for whom, and in which contexts. The concept of nature is a long-standing theoretical topic in ecocriticism. While nature may seem, rather straightforwardly, to be the domain environmentalism seeks to protect, it is a concept on which hinge crucial and contested claims about ontology (the nature of something, such as assertions about human nature as an inherent, often determining set of shared qualities) and epistemology (how we know what is real, such as the scientific practices through which credible assertions can be made that the planetary climate is changing), claims whose modern authority has rested on positioning nature as a domain outside culture. While structuralist and poststructuralist theorists have destabilized the binary opposition of nature to culture, the political and epistemological imperative to engage with nature as simultaneously material and semiotic has spawned an array of theoretical developments, from Donna Haraway’s cyborg figure and other “natureculture” assemblages to new materialisms. Meanwhile, nature circulates as a commodity form and spectacle animating digital, film, and television screens as well as many other consumer products and experiences. Cultural studies approaches to ecocriticism raise questions about the relationships of visual, narrative, and sound representations to economic power, media technologies, and the material and social ecologies through which they are produced and which they form and transform.

scholarly journals Cultural hybridization in three colombian indigenous productive organizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (63) ◽  
pp. 26-41
Author(s):  
Oscar Iván Vásquez-Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cultural Hybridization ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Participatory Observation

Cultural Hybridization (CH) aims to analyze the processes of intercrossing and cultural exchange highlighted in the constitution of modernism and in the modernization processes in Latin America. This research is relevant because the units of analysis for identifying the objectives of CH are three Colombian Indigenous Productive Organizations (IPOs), which were formed with traditional indigenous ideals and in the middle of the market dynamics of the organizational economy, then transformed their ideals and cultural aspects with modern Western administrative and cultural practices. The research is based in a qualitative methodology that includes the following techniques: participatory observation; semi-structured interviews; and analysis of native documents. This methodology is applied to investigate the three IPOs of the Nasa ethnicity in Colombia. The results are different for each case. Resistance and then acceptance occurred in the smaller IPO, while segregation and acceptance occurred in the larger and senior IPO. In conclusion, the three IPOs present a diversity of cultural characteristics that provide empirical evidence of the CH in different levels.

Social epistemic actions

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Pezzulo ◽  
Laura Barca ◽  
Domenico Maisto ◽  
Francesco Donnarumma
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Joint Action ◽  
Niche Construction ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Epistemic Actions ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Online Social Interaction

Abstract We consider the ways humans engage in social epistemic actions, to guide each other's attention, prediction, and learning processes towards salient information, at the timescale of online social interaction and joint action. This parallels the active guidance of other's attention, prediction, and learning processes at the longer timescale of niche construction and cultural practices, as discussed in the target article.

Narrative Language Markers of Arabic Language Development and Impairment

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 3472-3487
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Rakhlin ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Abdullah Aljughaiman ◽  
Elena L. Grigorenko
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
Standardized Measures ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Omission Errors

Purpose We examined indices of narrative microstructure as metrics of language development and impairment in Arabic-speaking children. We examined their age sensitivity, correlations with standardized measures, and ability to differentiate children with average language and language impairment. Method We collected story narratives from 177 children (54.2% boys) between 3.08 and 10.92 years old ( M = 6.25, SD = 1.67) divided into six age bands. Each child also received standardized measures of spoken language (Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary, Sentence Imitation, and Pseudoword Repetition). Several narrative indices of microstructure were examined in each age band. Children were divided into (suspected) developmental language disorder and typical language groups using the standardized test scores and compared on the narrative indicators. Sensitivity and specificity of the narrative indicators that showed group differences were calculated. Results The measures that showed age sensitivity included subject omission error rate, number of object clitics, correct use of subject–verb agreement, and mean length of utterance in words. The developmental language disorder group scored higher on subject omission errors (Cohen's d = 0.55) and lower on correct use of subject–verb agreement (Cohen's d = 0.48) than the typical language group. The threshold for impaired performance with the highest combination of specificity and sensitivity was 35th percentile. Conclusions Several indices of narrative microstructure appear to be valid metrics for documenting language development in children acquiring Gulf Arabic. Subject omission errors and correct use of subject–verb agreement differentiate children with typical and atypical levels of language development.

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