scholarly journals Monk Parakeets

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Avery ◽  
James R. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Management ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Monk Parakeet ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Since their introduction to the United States in the 1960s, monk parakeets (Myiopsittamonachus) have thrived. Monk parakeets often construct nests on man-made structures, such as electric utility facilities and cell phone towers. Monk parakeets are non-native and not protected by the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Their status at the State level varies considerably─from no regulation to complete protection. Thus, it is best to consult with the appropriate local wildlife management agency before initiating any control efforts. The monk parakeet is a popular cage bird, and although imports from South America have ceased, many are available in the U.S. through captive breeding and from individuals who take young birds from nests.

scholarly journals Hawks and Owls

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Washbum
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Migratory Bird Treaty Act ◽  
Economic And Social Impacts

Hawks and owls can negatively impact a variety of human interests, including important natural resources, livestock and game bird production, human health and safety, and companion animals. Conflicts between raptors and people generally are localized and often site-specific. However, the economic and social impacts to the individuals involved can be severe. Despite the problems they may cause, hawks and owls provide important benefits and environmental services. Raptors are popular with birdwatchers and much of the general public. They also hunt and kill large numbers of rodents, reducing crop damage and other problems. Hawks and owls are classified into four main groups, namely accipiters, buteos, falcons, and owls. All hawks and owls in the United States are federally pro-tected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 USC, 703−711). Hawks and owls typically are protected under state wildlife laws or local ordinances, as well. These laws strictly prohibit the capture, killing, or possession of hawks or owls (or their parts) without a special permit (e.g., Feder-al Depredation Permit), issued by the USFWS. State-issued wildlife damage or depredation permits also may be required.

The Economic Roots of External Efficacy: Assessing the Relationship between External Political Efficacy and Income Inequality

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikel Norris
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractExternal political efficacy, the belief that government is responsive to the demands of its citizens, has been declining in the United States since the 1960s. However, scholars do not yet fully understand the reasons for its decline. Nor have they found suitable explanations for why it fluctuates within the electorate. Drawing on the growing literature on the effects of income inequality on public policy, I posit that increasing income inequality factors into the decline of external political efficacy. Using multilevel regression models accounting for individual and contextual factors, I find increasing state-level income inequality has a substantial negative effect on external political efficacy. It is greater than most state and national-level economic measures or individual-level variables on external political efficacy. These results have important implications both for research on income inequality and political participation and also for research on income inequality and distributional public policy.

scholarly journals “Havens of mercy”: health, medical research, and the governance of the movement of dogs in twentieth-century America

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. W. Kirk ◽  
Edmund Ramsden
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Medical Laboratories ◽  
Slow Evolution ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Political Governance ◽  
Animal Care ◽  
Twentieth Century America

AbstractThis article argues that the movement of dogs from pounds to medical laboratories played a critically important role in debates over the use of animals in science and medicine in the United States in the twentieth century, not least by drawing the scientific community into every greater engagement with bureaucratic political governance. If we are to understand the unique characteristics of the American federal legislation that emerges in the 1960s, we need to understand the long and protracted debate over the use of pound animals at the local municipal and state level between antivivisectionists, humane activists, and scientific and medical researchers. We argue that the Laboratory Animal Care Act of 1966 reflects the slow evolution of a strategy that proved most successful in local conflicts, and which would characterize a “new humanitarianism”: not the regulation of experimental practices but of the care and transportation of the animals being provided to the laboratory. Our analysis is consistent with, and draws upon, scholarship which has established the productive power of public agencies and civil society on the periphery of the American state.

The “Revolution of Rising Expectations,” Relative Deprivation, and the Urban Social Disorders of the 1960s

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddharth Chandra ◽  
Angela Williams Foster
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Expectations Hypothesis ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The 1960S

This essay analyzes the economic conditions associated with urban social disturbances in the United States in the 1960s. Using state-level data on the social disturbances in conjunction with census data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, the analysis tests the relationship between measures of wage inequality and measures of social disorder. In conjunction with accounts of the unrest, the findings support the rising expectations hypothesis, an aspect of the relative deprivation view of racial violence. In particular, overall wage inequality is a significant factor in the disturbances. Also, although the residual or discrimination component of wage inequality and the human capital component are related to the disturbances in the same way, this relationship is stronger for the human capital component of inequality.

scholarly journals More than Birds: Developing a New Environmental Jurisprudence Through the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

2019 ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Patrick Maroun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Migratory Bird Treaty Act ◽  
Circuit Courts ◽  
Act One ◽  
Environmental Jurisprudence

This year marks the centennial of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, one of the oldest environmental regulatory statutes in the United States. It is illegal to “take” or “kill” any migratory bird covered by the Act. But many of the economic and industrial assumptions that undergirded the Act in 1918 have changed dramatically. Although it is undisputed that hunting protected birds is prohibited, circuit courts split on whether so-called “incidental takings” fall within the scope of the Act. The uncertainty inherent in this disagreement harms public and private interests alike—not to mention migratory birds. Many of the most important environmental statutes are also aging and may soon face similar interpretive issues. This Note argues that, to address inherent problems with aging environmental statutes, courts should adopt a jurisprudential preference for fidelity to each statute’s purpose.

scholarly journals European Starlings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jeffrey Homan ◽  
Ron J. Johnson ◽  
James R. Thiele ◽  
George M. Linz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations ◽  
European Starlings ◽  
Central Park ◽  
Animal Feeding Operations ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Migratory Bird Treaty Act

European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris, Figure 1)are an invasive species in the United States. The first recorded release of the birds was in 1890 in New York City’s Central Park. Because starlings easily adapt to a variety of habitats, nest sites and food sources, the birds spread quickly across the country. Today, there are about 150 million starlings in North America. Conflicts between people and starlings occur mostly in agricultural settings. Starlings damage apples, blueberries, cherries, figs, grapes, peaches, and strawberries. Starlings gather at concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) during late fall and winter. Starlings also cause human health problem, airplane hazards, and nuisance problems. European starlings are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA).

scholarly journals Gulls

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Lowney ◽  
Scott F. Beckerman ◽  
Scott C. Barras ◽  
Thomas W. Seamans
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Management ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Fecal Material ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Bird Droppings ◽  
Aquaculture Facilities

Abundant gull populations in North America have led to a variety of conflicts with people. Gulls cause damage at aquaculture facilities and other properties, and often collide with aircraft. Their use of structures on and near water results in excessive amounts of bird droppings on boats and docks. Their presence near outdoor dining establishments, swimming beaches, and recreational sites can lead to negative interactions with people. Large amounts of gull fecal material pollutes water and beaches resulting in drinking water contamination and swim bans. A combination of dispersal techniques, exclusion and limited lethal control may reduce damage to an acceptable level. Gulls are classified as a migratory bird species and are protected by federal and, in most cases, state laws. In the United States, gulls may be taken only with a permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Occasionally, an additional permit is required from the state wildlife management agency.

Constitutional Law in 1919–1920. II: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1919

1921 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-70
Author(s):  
Edward S. Corwin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Section 8 ◽  
Game Warden ◽  
Tenth Amendment ◽  
Migratory Bird Treaty Act

From the historical point of view no more interesting case was decided last term than that of Missouri v. Holland, in which a bill in equity brought by the state of Missouri to prevent a game warden of the United States from attempting to enforce the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of July 3, 1918, and the regulations made by the secretary of agriculture in pursuance of this act was finally dismissed, Justices Van Devanter and Pitney dissenting without opinion.The objectors to the statute and the underlying treaty based their argument upon the Tenth Amendment, supplemented by the proposition that the control of migratory birds within their respective limits is a power reserved to the states, and from these premises they proceeded to draw the conclusion that “what an act of Congress could not do unaided, in derogation of the powers reserved to the states, a treaty cannot do.” But, Justice Holmes answers in his opinion for the court, the treaty-making power is expressly delegated to the United States, treaties made under the authority of the United States are the supreme law of the land, and by article 1, section 8, Congress may pass all laws necessary and proper to carry valid treaties into effect.

scholarly journals Cedar Waxwings

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Avery ◽  
Anthony G. Dufflney
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bombycilla Cedrorum ◽  
Cedar Waxwing ◽  
And Control ◽  
Migratory Bird Treaty Act ◽  
Avian Family ◽  
The U.S

The cedar waxwing is one of two waxwing species found in North America. The other species is the Bohemian waxwing. Both belong to the avian family Bombycillidae. Prevention and control of cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) damage to small fruits such as blueberry, cherry, and strawberry is vexing to growers in many parts of the United States. Fully protected by the international Migratory Bird Treaty Act, waxwings cannot be taken without a depredation permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

scholarly journals Mute Swans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Native Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Mute Swan ◽  
Hudson Valley ◽  
Cygnus Olor ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mute Swans ◽  
Migratory Bird Treaty Act ◽  
Spreading Disease

Mute swans (Cygnus olor) are an invasive species originally brought to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for ornamental ponds and lakes, zoos and aviculture collections. Original populations were located in northeastern states along the Hudson Valley but have since expanded to several Midwestern states and portions of the western U.S. and Canada. Mute swan damage includes competing with native waterfowl, destroying native plants, spreading disease, and colliding with aircraft. They are also considered a nuisance in some areas due to their abundant fecal droppings and aggressiveness towards people. Some have questioned the status of mute swans as an introduced species, but multiple reviews by scientists and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service clearly support the conclusion that mute swans are not native to North America. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act, therefore, does not protect mute swans, and management authority falls under jurisdiction of the states and Tribes.

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