scholarly journals Genetics and comparative molecular mapping of biochemical and morphological fruit characters in Capsicum

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Paran ◽  
Molly Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Pepper Fruit

Original objectives: The overall goal of our work was to gain information regarding the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper and to develop tools based on this information to assist in crop improvement. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoid (pungency) content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoid and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoid in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C.locus. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was poorly understood prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous SSR markers. This map has been integrated with a number of other independent maps resulting in the publication of a single resource map consisting of more than 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps based primarily on tomato-originated RFLP markers, the new maps are based on PCR markers that originate in Capsicum providing a comprehensive and versatile resource for marker-assisted selection in pepper. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, a character unique to pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master regulatoar for capsaicinoid accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTL that control capsaicinoid content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTL that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTL controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advances in our understanding of important processes of pepper fruit development including the isolation and characterization of several well known genes. These results also provided the basis for the development of molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. A total of eleven refereed publications have resulted from this work, and several more are in preparation. 

scholarly journals Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepper Using Molecular Markers

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Paran ◽  
Molly Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
Simple Sequence

Original objectives: The overall goal of the proposal was to determine the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoids content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoids and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was only little known prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and the integration of several independent maps into a single resource map that consists of over 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps that consisted mostly of tomato-originated RFLP markers, the SSR-based map consists of largely pepper markers. Therefore, the SSR and integrated maps provide ample of tools for use in marker-assisted selection for diverse targets throughout the Capsicum genome. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, the most unique characteristics of pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master key for capsaicinoids accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTLs that control capsaicinoids content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTLs that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTLs controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate between elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advancement of our understanding at the genetic and molecular levels of important processes of pepper fruit development. Concomitantly to gaining biological knowledge, we were able to develop molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. 

scholarly journals Unique Fruit Development of Ornamental ‘Teapot’ Jujube

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengrui Yao
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Jujube Fruit ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba ◽  
Chinese Date

Jujube or chinese date (Ziziphus jujuba) has fruit that is developed mainly from ovary plus some nectary disk tissue, and the fruit can appear smooth or bumpy on the surface. The objective of this study was to investigate the unique fruit development of ornamental ‘Teapot’ jujube. Unlike ‘Li’ and ‘Lang’, ‘Teapot’ jujube fruit had one to five protuberances on the shoulder of the fruit and few entirely lack protuberances. The stamens of ‘Teapot’ jujube flowers were fewer in number, misplaced in location, and deformed in shape—some stamens were anthers only while others were filament only. Deformed stamens of ‘Teapot’ jujube were always anchored in the nectary disk instead of at their normal location—near the edge of the nectary disk. After bloom, the residue of stamens, nectary disk, and ovary were all constituents of the developing fruit. The deformed stamens developed into the fleshy protuberances and equaled them in number. Fruit with only two protuberances predominated, which is how the ‘Teapot’ jujube acquired its name, but the ratio among protuberance categories varied between trees. With its unique and decorative fruit shape, and acceptable fruit quality, ‘Teapot’ jujube could be used as a backyard tree, both as an ornamental and for its fruit.

scholarly journals Fast 3D Rotation Estimation of Fruits Using Spheroid Models

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2232
Author(s):  
Antonio Albiol ◽  
Alberto Albiol ◽  
Carlos Sánchez de Merás
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Single Camera ◽  
Global Score ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Large Effort ◽  
Fruit Surface

Automated fruit inspection using cameras involves the analysis of a collection of views of the same fruit obtained by rotating a fruit while it is transported. Conventionally, each view is analyzed independently. However, in order to get a global score of the fruit quality, it is necessary to match the defects between adjacent views to prevent counting them more than once and assert that the whole surface has been examined. To accomplish this goal, this paper estimates the 3D rotation undergone by the fruit using a single camera. A 3D model of the fruit geometry is needed to estimate the rotation. This paper proposes to model the fruit shape as a 3D spheroid. The spheroid size and pose in each view is estimated from the silhouettes of all views. Once the geometric model has been fitted, a single 3D rotation for each view transition is estimated. Once all rotations have been estimated, it is possible to use them to propagate defects to neighbor views or to even build a topographic map of the whole fruit surface, thus opening the possibility to analyze a single image (the map) instead of a collection of individual views. A large effort was made to make this method as fast as possible. Execution times are under 0.5 ms to estimate each 3D rotation on a standard I7 CPU using a single core.

scholarly journals Alcobaça allele and genotypic backgrounds affect yield and fruit shelf life of tomato hybrids

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Túlio José Mendes Dias ◽  
Wilson Roberto Maluf ◽  
Marcos Ventura Faria ◽  
Joelson André de Freitas ◽  
Luiz Antonio Augusto Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Fruit Quality Traits ◽  
Commercial Yield

Post-harvest shelf life of tomato fruit may be increased by deploying mutant alleles which affect the natural ripening process and/or by a favorable genotypic background. Among the several ripening mutant genes, alcobaça (alc) has proved to be highly efficient in increasing shelf life of commercial tomato fruits, especially in heterozygosis, a state at which no limiting deleterious effects upon fruit color occur. The effects of heterozygosity in the alcobaça locus (alc+/alc) on yield and fruit quality traits of tomato hybrids with three genotypic backgrounds. We evaluated three pairs of hybrids obtained from crosses between the near-isogenic pollen source lines Flora-Dade (alc+/alc+) and TOM-559 (alc/alc), and three maternal lines (Stevens, NC-8276 and Piedmont). The six treatments were factorial combinations of two different status in the alc locus (alc+/alc and alc+/alc+) versus three different genotypic backgrounds (maternal lines). Fruits were harvested at the breaker stage of maturation and stored in shelves at 21ºC for 14 days. Yield and fruit quality traits were then evaluated. Regardless of the background, the alc allele in heterozygosis (alc+/alc) did not interfere with the total yield, commercial yield, average mass per fruit, average mass per commercial fruit, fruit shape, or with fruit peduncular scar diameter. The alc+/alc genotype reduced the rate of firmness loss and delayed evolution of the red color of the fruit, thus contributing to an increase of the post-harvest shelf life for all three genotypic backgrounds.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of EST-SSR markers for Astilboides tabularis (Saxifragaceae), endangered species in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Eui-Kwon JUNG ◽  
Dae-Hyun KANG ◽  
Ki-Oug YOO ◽  
Myounghai KWAK ◽  
Young-Dong KIM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

scholarly journals QTL Mapping of Fruit and Seed-related Traits in Watermelon Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing-based High-density Linkage Mapping

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiling Gao ◽  
Xiaoxue Liang ◽  
Xiujie Liu ◽  
Yu Guo ◽  
Hongguo Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qtl Mapping ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Linkage Mapping ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
High Density ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Stripe Pattern

Abstract BackgroundWatermelon is an important vegetable crop with dual use of both fruit and seeds. Understanding the genetic basis of fruit quality and seed size-related traits is important for efficient marker-assisted breeding in watermelon. Linkage mapping in watermelon segregating populations using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) provides insights into genetic control of fruit- and seed-related traits and genome collinearity in commercial watermelon cultivars. ResultsIn the present study, we conducted QTL mapping of 12 horticulturally important traits on external and internal fruit quality and seed size/weight using segregating populations derived a cross between two commercial varieties. A high-density genetic map was developed with GBS which contained more than 6,000 SNP loci in 1,004 bins with a total map length of 1261.1 cM and average marker interval of 1.26 cM or 329 kb. Phenotypic data of fruit rind color (RC), rind stripe pattern (RSP), flesh color (FFC), fruit diameter (FD), fruit length (FL), fruit shape index (FSI), fruit weight (FW), Brix content central (BCC), Brix content edge (BCE), seed length (SL), width (SW), and weight (20SWT) were collected from two locations in two years. QTL analysis identified 47 QTL for the 12 traits, of which 24 had moderate- or major-effects, and 34 were novel QTL not identified in previous studies. The QTL for RSP were identified overlapped with previous reports, and mapped the QTL to a small interval on chromosome 6. From the detected novel QTL, we identify FD (qfd2.1), FL (qfl2.1) co-located with FSI (qfsi2.1) QTL on chromosome 2, and the minor QTL qfw3.2 co-located with previously reported fruit shape QTL (qfd3.1, qfl3.1, qfsi3.1), and SW (qsw10.1) co-located with 20SWT QTL (q20swt10.1) on chromosome 10, and 5 minor QTL (qbcc2.1, qbcc5.1, qbce2.1, qbce2.2, qbce5.1) were found to be likely new locus for Brix content.ConclusionWe conducted GBS consisting of 120 F2 individuals and developed a high-density linkage map with more than 6,000 SNP loci in 1004 bins in watermelon. We identified 47 QTL for 12 fruit and seed related traits including 34 novel QTL. Our work expands the molecular breeding toolbox for watermelon to improve the yield and fruit quality.

scholarly journals Identification of Optimal Reference Genes for Normalization of qPCR Analysis during Pepper Fruit Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Cheng ◽  
Xin Pang ◽  
Hongjian Wan ◽  
Golam J. Ahammed ◽  
Jiahong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Qpcr Analysis ◽  
Pepper Fruit

SOURCE-SINK RELATIONSHIPS AFFECTING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND FRUIT QUALITY IN DURIAN, DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURR.

1992 ◽  
pp. 691-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Salakpetch ◽  
S. Chandraparnik ◽  
H. Hiranpradit ◽  
U. Punnachit
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Durio Zibethinus ◽  
Source Sink

Anthocyanin accumulation and expression analysis of biosynthesis-related genes during chili pepper fruit development

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Aza-Gonzalez ◽  
L. Herrera-Isidron ◽  
H. G. Nunez-Palenius ◽  
O. Martinez De La Vega ◽  
N. Ochoa-Alejo
Keyword(s):  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Pepper Fruit

scholarly journals `Bing' Sweet Cherry on the Dwarfing Rootstock `Gisela 5': Thinning Affects Fruit Quality and Vegetative Growth but not Net CO2 Exchange

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Whiting ◽  
Gregory A. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Gisela 5

Canopy fruit to leaf area ratios (fruit no./m2 leaf area, F:LA) of 7- and 8-year-old `Bing' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) on the dwarfing rootstock `Gisela 5' (P. cerasus L. × P. canescens L.) were manipulated by thinning dormant fruit buds. F:LA influenced yield, fruit quality, and vegetative growth, but there were no consistent effects on whole canopy net CO2 exchange rate (NCERcanopy). Trees thinned to 20 fruit/m2 LA had yield reduced by 68% but had increased fruit weight (+25%), firmness (+25%), soluble solids (+20%), and fruit diameter (+14%), compared to unthinned trees (84 fruit/m2). Fruit quality declined when canopy LA was ≈200 cm2/fruit, suggesting that photoassimilate capacity becomes limiting to fruit growth below this ratio. NCERcanopy and net assimilation varied seasonally, being highest during stage III of fruit development (64 days after full bloom, DAFB), and falling more than 50% by 90 DAFB. Final shoot length, LA/spur, and trunk expansion were related negatively to F:LA. F:LA did not affect subsequent floral bud induction per se, but the number of flowers initiated per bud was negatively and linearly related to F:LA. Although all trees were thinned to equal floral bud levels per spur for the year following initial treatment (2001), fruit yields were highest on the trees that previously had no fruit, reflecting the increased number of flowers initiated per floral bud. Nonfruiting trees exhibited a sigmoidal pattern of shoot growth and trunk expansion, whereas fruiting trees exhibited a double sigmoidal pattern due to a growth lag during Stage III of fruit development. Vegetative growth in the second year was not related to current or previous season F:LA. We estimate that the LA on a typical spur is only sufficient to support the full growth potential of a single fruit; more heavily-set spurs require supplemental LA from nonfruiting shoots. From these studies there appears to be a hierarchy of developmental sensitivity to high F:LA for above-ground organs in `Bing'/`Gisela 5' sweet cherry trees: trunk expansion > fruit soluble solids (Stage III) > fruit growth (Stage III) > LA/spur > shoot elongation > fruit growth (Stages I and II) > LA/shoot. Current season F:LA had a greater influence on fruit quality than prior cropping history, underscoring the importance of imposing annual strategies to balance fruit number with LA.

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