scholarly journals Pathogistological changes in the lungs of Felis silvestris catus when infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (97) ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
O. M. Shchebentovska ◽  
M. V. Holubtsova
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Purulent Discharge ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus ◽  
Bronchial Mucus ◽  
Pass Through

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is a parasite that belongs to Nematoda type, Metastrongyloidea superfamily, Angiostrongylidae family, Aelurostrongylus genus and is known as feline helminth, whose intermediate hosts are slugs and snails and reservoir hosts are mice and birds. In cats, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus parasitizes in bronchioles and alveoli, causing specific inflammatory changes in the lower respiratory tract and enables the development of such clinical signs as cough, shortness of breath as well as mucous-purulent discharge from the nasal cavity, when complicated by bacterial infections. Females of parasite lay eggs, which the larvae of L1 hatch from. Subsequently, these larvae cough with bronchial mucus and are swallowed by an animal. They pass through the digestive channel without changes and together with the faeces are released into the environment. The first stage larvae actively penetrate into the body of the slugs, fade twice and are becoming invasive. Duration of larvae development from the stage L1 to L3 depends on the biological cycle of intermediate hosts – slugs and snails. Cats are becoming infected by eating slugs or snails with invasive larvae of the third stage (L3), which are transmitted from the digestive channel of the definitive host (cat) with blood flow to the lungs. Usually, the pathogen has low pathogenicity and invasions are primarily detected after animal’s death, during pathoanatomical dissection. Acute clinical signs of the disease have not been described much up to date. The article presents the results of pathomorphological examination of the cat's lungs infected by Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. The severity of pathomorphological changes of the cat’s pulmonary tissue depends on the intensity of the invasion. When dissected, the lungs appear unevenly coloured, dark red with light and slightly denser areas, where focal parasitic nodules are clearly distinct, surrounded by pink halo and different in size but mostly round, dense consistency. Main morphological characteristic of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection is the presence of numerous eggs and L1 larvae in the alveoli but also in the bronchi. Helminth eggs accumulated in the alveolar lumps, surrounded by a thin shell; a severe cellular reaction from lymphocytes, macrophages and histiocytes occurred around this shell. An inflammatory reaction resulted in the thickening of the interstitial tissue with a strong vascular response, characterized by fraying and edema of the vessel walls. The results of pathomorphological researches have shown that the main changes were localized in the lungs and bronchial tubes with diffuse damage of the pulmonary tissue parenchyma and development of croupous pneumonia.

Defensive activity of Hesperidin against Ciprofloxacin induced hepatic injury in rabbits.

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hawraa M. Murad ◽  
Tamadhur Hani Hussein ◽  
Audai Sulaiman Khudhair ◽  
Manal Muhi Murad ◽  
Jawad Kadhim Faris
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local Breed ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Defensive Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

This study was conducted to find out hepatoprotective activity of hesperidin (HES) 100mg/kg body weight (b.w.) against ciprofloxacin (CPX) 100 mg/kg induced hepatotoxicity in local breed rabbits .CPX is a broad spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of many bacterial infections. Twenty four male rabbits were divided into four groups ,group1: control, (1 ml/kg Saline orally) group 2: CPX (100 mg/kg orally) for (14) consecutive days , group 3: HES (100 mg//kg) orally for (14) consecutive days group 4: CPX (100 mg/kg orally) plus HES (100 mg//kg orally ) for (14) consecutive days. All the rabbits were killed on the (15) day of the experiment, and then the blood, and livers samples were taken. CPX induced hepatotoxicity was proved by a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction in the body weight ,and a significant (p less than 0.01) increased serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) , Malonaldehyde enzyme (MAD) and histopathological changes. Protective hepatic toxicity effect and oxidative damage caused by CPX significantly (p less than 0.01) increasing in body weight and significantly (p less than 0.01) decreasing AST , ALT, MAD and improving tissue morphology in HES (100 mg//kg) . These results assure that HES (100 mg//kg) antioxidant effects can protect CPX-induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits.

scholarly journals Do algae blooms dilute the risk of trematode infections in threespine sticklebacks?

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Budria ◽  
Ulrika Candolin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
The Body ◽  
Filamentous Algae ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Diplostomum Pseudospathaceum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Trematode Infections ◽  
Macro Algae

Abstract Human-induced growth of macro-algae is often assumed to increase trematode infections in fishes by increasing the abundance and condition of the parasite’s intermediate host – snails – as this can boost the release of trematode larvae, cercariae, from the intermediate hosts. However, macro-algae can also impose barriers to the transmission of cercariae and reduce infections. We investigated whether an increased growth of filamentous algae affects the transmission of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum cercariae to the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, a common fish in eutrophied shallow waters. We exposed sticklebacks to trematode cercariae in the absence and presence of artificial filamentous algae, and recorded effects on the proportion of sticklebacks infected and the number of encysted metacercariae per fish. No significant effect of artificial algae on cercariae transmission was detected. However, the body size and the sex of the sticklebacks were strongly correlated with the number of encysted metacercariae per infected fish, with females and larger individuals being more infected. We discuss different factors that could have caused the difference in parasite transmission, including sex-related differences in body size and behaviour of sticklebacks.

scholarly journals HLA-B27-Associated Reactive Arthritis: Pathogenetic and Clinical Considerations

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inés Colmegna ◽  
Raquel Cuchacovich ◽  
Luis R. Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Arthritis ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Hla B27 ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Clinical Considerations ◽  
Active Bacteria

SUMMARY Current evidence supports the concept that reactive arthritis (ReA) is an immune-mediated synovitis resulting from slow bacterial infections and showing intra-articular persistence of viable, nonculturable bacteria and/or immunogenetic bacterial antigens synthesized by metabolically active bacteria residing in the joint and/or elsewhere in the body. The mechanisms that lead to the development of ReA are complex and basically involve an interaction between an arthritogenic agent and a predisposed host. The way in which a host accommodates to invasive facultative intracellular bacteria is the key to the development of ReA. The details of the molecular pathways that explain the articular and extra-articular manifestations of the disease are still under investigation. Several studies have been done to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of ReA; these constitute the basis for a more rational therapeutic approach to this disease.

Gliding Flight of the White-Backed Vulture Gyps Africanus

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. PENNYCUICK
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Lift Coefficient ◽  
The Body ◽  
East African ◽  
Induced Drag ◽  
Gliding Flight ◽  
Vertical Speed ◽  
Statistical Sense ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Comparison Measurements

1. Glide-comparison measurements were made on ten species of East African soaring birds using a Schleicher ASK-14 powered sailplane. Horizontal and vertical speed differences between bird and glider were measured by a photographic method, and used to estimate the bird's horizontal and vertical speeds relative to the air. The analysis refers to the white-backed vulture, since by far the largest number of measurements was obtained on this species. 2. A regression analysis using a two-term approximation to the glide polar yielded an implausibly high estimate of induced drag, which was attributed to a lack of observations at lift coefficients above 0.72. An amended glide polar was constructed assuming elliptical lift distribution and a maximum lift coefficient of 1.6 to define the low-speed end, while the high-speed end was made to pass through the mean horizontal and sinking speeds of all the experimental points. This curve gave a minimum sinking speed of 0.76 m/s at a forward speed of 10 m/s, and a best glide ratio of 15.3:1 at 13 m/s. It did not differ significantly (in the statistical sense) from the original regression curve. 3. In comparing the estimated circling performance, based on the amended glide polar, with that of the ASK-14, it was concluded that the rates of sink of both should be comparable, but that the glider would require thermals with radii about 4.3 times as great as those needed to sustain the birds. The conclusions are consistent with experience of soaring in company with birds. 4. In an attempt to assess the adaptive significance of the low-aspect-ratio wings of birds specializing in thermal soaring, the white-backed vulture's circling performance was compared with that of an ‘albatross-shaped vulture’, an imaginary creature having the same mass as a white-backed vulture, combined with the body proportions of a wandering albatross. It appears that the real white-back would be at an advantage when trying to remain airborne in thermals with radii between 14 and 17 m, but that the albatross-shaped vulture would climb faster in all wider thermals; on account of its much better maximum glide ratio, it should also achieve higher cross-country speeds. It is concluded that the wing shape seen in vultures and storks is not an adaptation to thermal soaring as such, but is more probably a compromise dictated by take-off and landing requirements. 5. The doubts recently expressed by Tucker & Parrott (1970) about the results and conclusions of Raspet (1950a, b; 1960) are re-inforced by the present experience.

Studies on Tapeworm Physiology

1949 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
J. D. SMYTH
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
By Products ◽  
Histochemical Examination

1. Plerocercoid larvae of the pseudophyllidean cestode Ligula intestinalis from the body cavity of roach, were cultured in vitro at 40°C. in a variety of saline and nutrient media. About 65% of such cultures were aseptic. 2. During cultivation, larvae produced acid by-products (unidentified) and the pH fell rapidly. 3. The presence of these acid by-products slowed down development, or, if present in sufficient quantity, caused death. 4. In order to obtain development in nutrient media in a period (3 days) comparable to that required in a bird (the normal host) it was necessary to renew the medium 24-hourly. 5. 6% of the eggs produced from a worm cultured in horse serum were fertile. Fertile eggs were never obtained from larvae cultured in any other media. 6. Certain bacterial infections had no apparent detrimental effect on development, but others were toxic. 7. Some larvae underwent development in non-nutrient medium (¾ strength Locke's solution). The exact conditions under which this occurred was not determined. 8. Fragments (3 cm. long), of larvae or larvae with either scolex or posterior half removed, underwent development to the stage of oviposition in nutrient media. 9. Histochemical examination revealed that the plerocercoid larvae were almost fat-free. During cultivation, very large quantities of cytoplasmic fat were produced the quantity being proportional to the duration of cultivation. Fat was produced even under starvation conditions (i.e. during cultivation in saline) and can be considered a metabolic by-product. 10. The fresh plerocercoid contained great quantities of glycogen in the parenchyma and muscle regions. After cultivation in nutrient or saline media, considerable quantities were still present.

scholarly journals Detectability of the peripheral and axial manifestations of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis in dermatological practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
M. N. Chamurlieva ◽  
E. Yu. Loginova ◽  
T. V. Korotaeva
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inflammatory Back Pain ◽  
Patient Complaints ◽  
Asas Criteria ◽  
Mechanical Back Pain

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a heterogeneous disease manifested by peripheral arthritis, dactylitis, spondylitis, and enthesitis. PsA is often undiagnosed by dermatovenerologists because of the difficulty in identifying a variety of clinical signs. The early diagnosis of PsA and the accurate assessment of all its symptoms are necessary for the timely choice of optimal therapy.Objective: to assess the detectability of clinical signs of PsA in patients with psoriasis in dermatological practice.Patients and methods. The investigation enrolled 103 patients (47 men and 56 women) (mean age, 44.0±13.7 years) with psoriasis (its mean duration, 10.7±10.2 years), the average prevalence and severity according to the Body Surface Area (BSA) and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) were 9.3±13.6% and 15.4±12.5 scores, respectively. All the patients completed the Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (mPEST) and were examined by a dermatovenerologist and a rheumatologist. The diagnosis of PsA was based on the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR). The investigators evaluated arthritis, dactylitis, enthesitis, and inflammatory back pain (IBP) according to the rheumatological standards: IBP by the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria, and enthesitis by the Leeds Enthesitis Index (LEI).Results and discussion. Sixty-one (59.2%) of the 103 patients with psoriasis were found to have PsA on the basis of the CASPAR criteria and the rheumatologist's examination. The dermatovenerologist diagnosed arthritis in a significantly smaller number of cases than did the rheumatologist: in 15 (24.6%) and 35 (57.4%) of the 61 patients (p<0.001), respectively. The dermatovenerologist and the rheumatologist demonstrated no significant differences in their clinical evaluation of dactylitis: it was detected in 37 (60.7%) and 40 (65.6%) of the 61 patients, respectively (p=0.32). Based on patient complaints and mPEST findings, the dermatovenerologist recorded pain in the calcaneal region in 32 (52.5%) patients. The rheumatologist identified ulnar, knee, and calcaneus enthesitis in 11 (18%), 8 (13.1%), and 25 (41%) patients, respectively. Based on complaints and mPEST findings, the dermatovenerologist detected back pain in 30 (49.2%) of the 61 patients. The rheumatologist diagnosed IBP in 21 (70%) of these 30 patients and mechanical back pain in 9 (30%). Thus, IBP was noted in 34.4% of PsA patients. Tendonitis was undiagnosed by the dermatovenerologist; the rheumatologist identified wrist tendonitis in 13 (21.3%) of the 61 patients with PsA.Conclusion. Dermatovenerologists frequently underestimate damage to the spine and entheses in patients with psoriasis. The introduction of the ASAS criteria for IBP and methods for assessing enthesitis in dermatological practice can improve the early diagnosis of axial lesion in PsA in patients with psoriasis.

scholarly journals Imaging Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infection with [11C]-TMP: In Vitro and First-in-Human Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris K Lee ◽  
Daniel A Jacome ◽  
Joshua K Cho ◽  
Vincent Tu ◽  
Anthony Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Response Monitoring ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
In Vitro Uptake

Recently, several molecular imaging strategies have developed to image bacterial infections in humans. Nuclear approaches, specifically positron emission tomography (PET), affords sensitive detection and the ability to non-invasively locate infections deep within the body. Two key radiotracer classes have arisen: metabolic approaches targeting bacterial specific biochemical transformations, and antibiotic-based approaches that have inherent selectivity for bacteria over mammalian cells. A critical question for clinical application of antibiotic radiotracers is whether resistance to the template antibiotic abrogates specific uptake, thus diminishing the predictive value of the diagnostic test. We recently developed small-molecule PET radiotracers based on the antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP), including [11C]-TMP, and have shown their selectivity for imaging bacteria in preclinical models. Here, we measure the in vitro uptake of [11C]-TMP in pathogenic susceptible and drug-resistant bacterial strains. Both resistant and susceptible bacteria showed similar in vitro uptake, which led us to perform whole genome sequencing of these isolates to identify the mechanisms of TMP resistance that permit retained radiotracer binding. By interrogating these isolate genomes and a broad panel of previously sequenced strains, we reveal mechanisms where uptake or binding of TMP radiotracers can potentially be maintained despite the annotation of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we present several examples of patients with both TMP-sensitive and drug-resistant infections in our first-in-human experience with [11C]-TMP. This work underscores the ability of an antibiotic radiotracer to image bacterial infection in patients, which may allow insights into human bacterial pathogenesis, infection diagnosis, and antimicrobial response monitoring.

scholarly journals Morphobiological characteristics of trematode cercariae of the families Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
О. M. Bonina ◽  
Е. А. Serbina
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Bithynia Tentaculata ◽  
Morphobiological Characteristics

The results of studying the body structure of trematode cercariae of the families Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae and the features of their development in Western Siberia are presented. The data of long-term (1994–2019) studies on the spread of these pathogens of dangerous parasitic diseases in humans and animals are analyzed and summarized. The studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods in parasitology and hydrobiology. The species affi  liation of trematodes was determined in laboratory conditions on mature cercariae that independently left the shells of the host mollusks Bithynia tentaculata and B. troscheli. It was noted that the trematodes of the Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae families at the cercaria stage have the following similar features: a simple tail, pigmented eyes, and one oral sucking cup. Diagnosis of trematode cercariae of Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae families is possible by the following signs: the tail of the opisthorchis cercaria has a swimming membrane and is 2 times longer than the body, the tail of the notocotylid has no swimming membrane and is approximately equal in length to the body. Opisthor-chis cercariae have two pigment eyes, notocotilids – three. In the life cycle of opisthorchis, there are two intermediate hosts (bitinia and fi  sh), in the notocotylid cycle, one (bitinia). Opisthorchis cercariae have penetration glands, but notocotylids do not; the maximum daily emission of opisthorchis cercariae is ten times higher than that of notocotylids (6672 and 422 cercariae, respectively). The ability to diagnose opisthorchis and notocotilid at the cercaria stage allows the identifi cation of local foci of epidemiologically and epizootically dangerous diseases.

scholarly journals Novel Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Treatment, Effectively Inhibits Lung Metastases and Improves Survival in a Murine Breast Cancer Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Kraus ◽  
Raz Khandadash ◽  
Raphael Hof ◽  
Abraham Nyska ◽  
Ekaterina Sigalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Lung Metastases ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alternating Magnetic Field ◽  
Therapeutic Modality

Sarah Nanoparticles (SaNPs) are unique multicore iron oxide-based nanoparticles, developed for the treatment of advanced cancer, following standard care, through the selective delivery of thermal energy to malignant cells upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field. For their therapeutic effect, SaNPs need to accumulate in the tumor. Since the potential accumulation and associated toxicity in normal tissues are an important risk consideration, biodistribution and toxicity were assessed in naïve BALB/c mice. Therapeutic efficacy and the effect on survival were investigated in the 4T1 murine model of metastatic breast cancer. Toxicity evaluation at various timepoints did not reveal any abnormal clinical signs, evidence of alterations in organ function, nor histopathologic adverse target organ toxicity, even after a follow up period of 25 weeks, confirming the safety of SaNP use. The biodistribution evaluation, following SaNP administration, indicated that SaNPs accumulate mainly in the liver and spleen. A comprehensive pharmacokinetics evaluation, demonstrated that the total percentage of SaNPs that accumulated in the blood and vital organs was ~78%, 46%, and 36% after 4, 13, and 25 weeks, respectively, suggesting a time-dependent clearance from the body. Efficacy studies in mice bearing 4T1 metastatic tumors revealed a 49.6% and 70% reduction in the number of lung metastases and their relative size, respectively, in treated vs. control mice, accompanied by a decrease in tumor cell viability in response to treatment. Moreover, SaNP treatment followed by alternating magnetic field exposure significantly improved the survival rate of treated mice compared to the controls. The median survival time was 29 ± 3.8 days in the treated group vs. 21.6 ± 4.9 days in the control, p-value 0.029. These assessments open new avenues for generating SaNPs and alternating magnetic field application as a potential novel therapeutic modality for metastatic cancer patients.

scholarly journals Diagnostic significance of clinical and para-clinical signs of community-acquired pneumonia in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-249
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Pasik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Gallbladder Dyskinesia

Annotation. Respiratory diseases are relevant in pediatric practice, which is associated with its widespread and frequent complications, especially in young children. The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic value of clinical symptoms, laboratory and ultra-sonographic parameters in pneumonia in children of the first 3 years of life. A retrospective study of medical records of 218 children who were hospitalized in the department for young children diagnosed with pneumonia for the period from 2016 to 2018. The average age of children was 11.67±9.97 months and it was within the range from 1 month to 3 years. The ration of boys and girls was practically identical (51.8% and 48.2% accordingly). The first group included children aged under one year (the average age is 4.57±0.84 months; n=88). The second group included children aged from 1 to 3 years (the average age is 18.2±4.25 months; n=130). To characterize the information content of clinical and laboratory symptoms the study has used objective parameters defined as the operational characteristics of tests. The most important operational characteristics of diagnostic methods included: sensitivity (Se, sensitivity) and specificity (Sp, specificity). To check the statistical hypothesis on differences of absolute and relative frequencies, fractions, and ratios in two independent samples, the criteria of хі-square (χ2) was used. While detailing an anamnesis, the disease was more often related to untimely treatment and outpatient care. Various data were obtained on the absolute and relative risk, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the localization of pneumonia depending on age. Therefore, the incidence of bilateral pneumonia was considered an indicator of risk. On admission to hospital, the body temperature of patients was 38.2±0.66°С. Most of the complaints were on the unproductive or productive cough. Besides, in some cases, shortness of breath and runny nose were mentioned. Thus, in young children with pneumonia, a diagnostically significant clinical symptom is a bilateral lung impression (82.6%), compared with right-handed (15.1%) and left-handed (2.3%), which is significantly more common in children under 1-th year of life compared with patients 1–3 years; laboratory features are probably higher levels of liver-specific enzymes – ALT and AST in children under 1 year; ultrasonographic indicators associated with the presence of pneumonia in young children include increased liver size, gallbladder deformity, the presence of sediment in the gallbladder, dyskinesia of the biliary tract, thickening of the gallbladder wall; children under 1 year of age have a risk of liver enlargement and biliary dyskinesia.

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