scholarly journals KUMYKS’ UPBRINGING TRADITIONS IN THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258
Author(s):  
Kamilla M. Kramynina ◽  
Madina B. Gimbatova
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Gender Behavior ◽  
Masculinity And Femininity ◽  
Labor Division ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Gender

The present study aims to consider the specifics of teaching rules of conduct in children in an extended Kumyk family of the XIX – early XX century. Basing on the analysis of a wide range of sources and literature, as well as field ethnographic material obtained in the regions of Kumyks’ concentration, the authors present various aspects of etiquette interaction and pedagogical methods of Kumyk upbringing in the XIX - early XX century. The peculiarities of moral education in Kumyk children, on the example of an extended patriarchal family, have been revealed, since etiquette relations were more pronounced in such families than in a small (nuclear) one. It has been noted that the traditional upbringing among Kumyks was varied and oriented towards the adoption of gender stereotypes by children. The stereotypes of “masculinity” and “femininity”, gender behavior, gender roles and organization of age-sex labor division in a family are analyzed in the paper. On the basis of extensive field material, the authors give examples of various types of games and children activities, which highlight the differences in gender upbringing and the manifestation of “masculinity” and “femininity” in games. It has been established that the existing division of gender roles in a Kumyk family, under which men performed vocational roles, and women – the family ones, formed in children socially accepted ideas of the masculine and feminine types. In the era of globalization, when the institute of traditional family is on the brink of extinction, and gender-neutral upbringing is actively propagated in the mass media, the study of gender stereotypes and features of gender behavior and upbringing in traditional culture has a major scientific and practical importance. The conclusions of the article may be of interest to members of education and culture, or used when writing works in ethnography and pedagogy. The relevance of this study is due to the interest of scholars in various fields and the general public in gender issues and problems of upbringing.

scholarly journals Rhythmic Gymnastics vs. Boxing: Gender Stereotypes From the Two Poles of Female Sport

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piroska Béki ◽  
Andrea Gál
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnastics ◽  
Femininity And Masculinity ◽  
And Gender

Abstract In recent decades, women have begun to take up types of physical activity traditionally considered masculine. They appeared in previously one-gender team sports such as football or water polo, and nowadays they are also involved in ice hockey, canoeing, and are active in numerous combat sports as well. On the other hand, men have entered sport fields previously only available to women, such as rhythmic gymnastics. By this, sport can be regarded not only as a scene of gender stereotyping, but also a scene of redefining the concepts of masculinity-femininity in the negotiating of gender relations. Owing to these phenomena, there has been an emergence of studies analyzing sports from a gender aspect as well as the generalizations related to athletes involved in these sports. These studies have primarily focused on the constructions of gender identities and gender roles of women participating in traditionally masculine sports (football, weightlifting, and bodybuilding). This paper presents the results of empirical research designed to explore the opinions of top athletes involved in sports considered to be the most masculine and most feminine by the public and by sport experts: rhythmic gymnastics and boxing. They discussed their own sport and each other’s sport. With the information obtained from the structured interviews (n=22), it became possible to compare their social background, sport socialization and sport selection, as well as their conceptions of gender roles, femininity, and masculinity. As a conclusion of the research, it can be stated that from the aspects examined differences could mostly be observed in the circumstances of sport selection, but representatives of the two sports also diverged remarkably in their judgments about each other’s sport. While female boxers did not voice extreme opinions about rhythmic gymnastics, representatives of the sport regarded to be the most feminine reflected on boxing in a stereotypical and prejudiced way, even given their lack of experience.

Intersectional Stereotyping in Political Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Cassese
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Voter Decision Making

Intersectionality is an analytic framework used to study social and political inequality across a wide range of academic disciplines. This framework draws attention to the intersections between various social categories, including race, gender, sexuality, class, and (dis)ability. Scholarship in this area notes that groups at these intersections are often overlooked, and in overlooking them, we fail to see the ways that the power dynamics associated with these categories reinforce one another to create interlocking systems of advantage and disadvantage that extend to social, economic, and political institutions. Representational intersectionality is a specific application of intersectionality concerned with the role that widely shared depictions of groups in popular media and culture play in producing and reinforcing social hierarchy. These representations are the basis for widely held group stereotypes that influence public opinion and voter decision-making. Intersectional stereotypes are the set of stereotypes that occur at the nexus between multiple group categories. Rather than considering stereotypes associated with individual social groups in isolation (e.g., racial stereotypes vs. gender stereotypes), this perspective acknowledges that group-based characteristics must be considered conjointly as mutually constructing categories. What are typically considered “basic” categories, like race and gender, operate jointly in social perception to create distinct compound categories, with stereotype profiles that are not merely additive collections of overlapping stereotypes from each individual category, but rather a specific set of stereotypes that are unique to the compound social group. Intersectional stereotypes in political contexts including campaigns and policy debates have important implications for descriptive representation and material policy outcomes. In this respect, they engage with fundamental themes linked to political and structural inequality.

Gender stereotypes: persistence and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gladys Merma-Molina ◽  
María Alejandra Ávalos-Ramos ◽  
María Ángeles Martínez Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Chores ◽  
Data Collection Strategy ◽  
And Gender

PurposeThe aims of this study are to identify and analyse prevalent gender roles and the persistence of sexist stereotypes among teachers in training in Spain, to determine the reasons for them and suggest solutions for eradicating sexist prejudices.Design/methodology/approachA gender role questionnaire was administered to 1260 workers from 54 different professions who were enrolled on a postgraduate training course to qualify as secondary education teachers. The instrument contained six variables for both quantitative and qualitative analysis: professional work, family (looking after children), feelings and emotions, household chores, body image and free time.FindingsHousehold chores, looking after children and gender roles linked to body image were those most indicated by both men and women. It is concluded that men participate little in bringing up children and household chores and that women continue to shoulder the responsibility. Both are concerned about their body image, but women have little self-acceptance of and satisfaction with their bodies and a stronger sense of being judged by how they look. Gender stereotypes persist, despite extensive legislation in Spain since 2004.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has limitations deriving from its choice of convenience sampling. Although it includes participants from six Spanish autonomous communities, the number from each region is not very high. Nevertheless, the sample is representative of almost all branches of knowledge (54 professions). Another limitation concerns the images used in the research instrument as a data collection strategy insofar, as they could not be obtained from a data bank specific to the research subject but instead had to be found in databases of general images. It can be inferred that a data collection strategy without any danger of bias would be to encourage each participant to design their own images, reflecting their perceptions and auto-perceptions of gender roles and stereotypes. The fact that there were no pre-existing studies using this type of research instrument in education sciences was a handicap for the investigation. Despite these methodological limitations, the results of the study may serve as a basis for implementing specific future actions originating from any area – but especially from the area of education – aimed at teaching people about equal roles in order to eliminate sexist sterotypes. This research was carried out as part of the Proyecto Diseño y Atención a las Oportunidades de Género en la Educación Superior (Project on Design and Gender Equality of Opportunities in Higher Education) funded by the Vicerrectorado de Cooperación al Desarrollo (Office for University Cooperation for Development) at the University of Alicante (Spain).Practical implicationsSpanish legislation has not been able to promote significant changes in the performance of traditional gender roles or to eliminate sexist stereotypes that perpetuate imbalances between men and women. The ideal and prevalent model of a Spanish woman is still that of a “self-sacrificing mother”, responsible for the household chores and childcare. She must combine this first job with a second profession, and, in addition, she must have a “desirable physical image”. The study puts forward various possible solutions for reducing and/or eradicating sexist attitudes with the participation of different social agents and in particular through education. The investigation could be of use when carrying out specific cross-sectional interventions on the subject of gender equality with students on postgraduate teacher training courses, for the purposes of encouraging the elimination of stereotypes and strengthening the capacity for critical judgement, positive self-concept and self-esteem.Originality/valueThe study may be useful for carrying out specific and transversal university training interventions in postgraduate teacher training on gender equality aimed at promoting the elimination of stereotypes, the strengthening of critical judgement capacity, positive self-concept and self-esteem.

“Cinderella” Vs “Timun Mas”: Exploring Gender Stereotypes and Culture as Learning Material Purposes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Cynantia Rachmijati ◽  
Sri Supiah Cahyati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Content ◽  
And Gender

Gender roles are an important part of culture. How the genders are portrayed in the literature contributes to the image young adults develops of their gender roles and the role of gender in the social order. This research entitled  “Cinderella VS Timun Mas : Exploring gender stereotypes and culture as learning materials purposes” aimed to analyze the content of both “Cinderella” and “Timun Mas” which cover: 1. Occupations and Gender Stereotypes; 2 Centrality of Female and Male Characters; 3. Culture Content ; and 4 Suitability as learning material purposes. This research is a qualitative study using content analysis. It was carried out with procedures: collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. Based on research questions it is revealed that for occupation and gender types showed that “Timun mas” has varieties of gender with 66,67% reference whereas “Cinderella” only has 50% references. For the centrality of male and female character, “Cinderella’ has more varieties in 37,5% male and 62,5% female whereas in “Timun Mas” showed 50% for both genders”. For the cultural content, in “Timun Mas” the cultural content found was 60% and in “Cinderella” was 80%. And the suitability to be used as learning materials showed that “Timun Mas” checked with 16 points whereas “Cinderella” checked with 20 points. It can be concluded that both can be used as authentic learning materials for gender references, but “Cinderella” has more varieties and cultural content compared to “Timun Mas”.

scholarly journals Patterns of Overeducation in Europe: The Role of Field of Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Rossen ◽  
Christina Boll ◽  
André Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Educational Mismatch ◽  
Standard Education ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study investigates the incidence of overeducation among graduate workers in 21 European Union countries and its underlying factors based on the European Labor Force Survey 2016. Although controlling for a wide range of covariates, the particular interest lies in the role of fields of study for vertical educational mismatch. The study reveals country differences in the impact of these factors. Compared to Social sciences, male graduates from, for example, Education, Health and welfare, Engineering, and ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) are less and those from Services and Natural sciences are more at risk in a clear majority of countries. These findings are robust against changes of the standard education. Moreover, some fields show gender-specific risks. We suggest that occupational closure, productivity signals and gender stereotypes answer for these cross-field and cross-country differentials. Moreover, country fixed effects point to relevant structural differences between national labor markets and between educational systems.

scholarly journals Skuespillerfaget som lønarbejde og kønskonstruktion

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Sjørup ◽  
Charlotte Kirkegaard
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Working Mothers ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Bodily Experience ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Stereotypical Roles

The article is based on a survey concerning gender equality among artists in Denmark, conducted in 2007. It particularly focuses on the situation of actresses as modern, well-educated and gender equality conscious women, placed in a dilemma between their own desire to deconstruct and reconstruct images of gender in their work and the traditional, gender-stereotypical roles offered to them. They moreover are the victims of late working hours and low salaries, making it very difficult to maintain themselves financially and to live a life as independent working mothers. Ageing is also a very difficult bodily experience for the actresses, who will often be excluded and replaced by younger actresses. There is however a battle going on between the gender equality oriented actresses and the primarily male directors and instructors, in charge of allowing modernisation of gender roles in films and theatre. In sum, the article explores how gender is constructed culturally and how femininity might be reformulated to challenge heteronormative gender stereotypes.

The Gospels and Acts

2019 ◽  
pp. 293-314
Author(s):  
Amy-Jill Levine
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Single View ◽  
Marriage And Divorce ◽  
Masculinity And Femininity ◽  
And Gender

The Gospels and Acts do not present a single view of either gender or sexuality; inconsistencies appear both within and among this collection. Yet despite these differences, there is a common baseline regarding sexuality, masculinity, and femininity. Consequently, this chapter begins from that baseline and then moves to the several distinct chords and notes struck by each text. The analysis surveys a broad range of topics including celibacy and singleness, marriage and divorce, lust, masturbation, adultery, incest, prostitution, and gender roles, as well as investigation of specific themes in each of the Gospels and Acts.

scholarly journals Frequency of Television Watching and Gender Stereotypes in Children and Adolescents A Review in the Context of Cultivation Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (17) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Cultivation Theory ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Watching Tv ◽  
The Impact

Widespread use of television has brought with it the examination of the effect of exposure to TV content on its viewers. One of the most remarkable approaches put forward in this context is the Cultivation Theory developed by Gerbner (1969). The theory, which focuses on the impact of TV viewing on individuals perceptions of reality, assumes that as the frequency of exposure to messages presented in TV increases, individuals’ perceptions of the real world are shaped according to these messages. The development of gender stereotypes and beliefs in gender equality in children and adolescents may also be fed by the “cultivation” function of TV, which is widely used by them also. The aim of this study is to systematically review the studies focuses on the relationship between frequency of watching TV and children’s or adolescents’ gender-based stereotypes in the context of Cultivation Theory. A total of 23 studies conducted between 1960 and 2020 were reviewed in this context and it was determined that both children and adolescents had more traditional beliefs and attitudes about gender roles with the increase in the frequency of watching TV. Findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature. Keywords Cultivation Theory, gender roles, watching tv, children, adolescents

scholarly journals The women of N. K. Jemisin: Representations of women and gender roles in the science-fantasy The Fifth Season

Ars Aeterna ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Erik György
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Women Characters ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Women And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Science Fantasy ◽  
Representations Of Women

Abstract The following paper deals with representations of women and gender roles in science-fiction and fantasy. It briefly discusses the issue in these genres in general, but it is primarily concerned with one specific example, i.e. N. K. Jemisin’s science-fantasy novel The Fifth Season. The paper’s main aim is to highlight the changing nature of representations of women in science fiction and fantasy and pay tribute to a literary work depicting women from a modern perspective. Thus, it presents the analysis of said novel from the perspective of feminist criticism and gender studies, focusing on how the novel explores through its main and side women characters, ideas of representation, biological sex versus “gendering”, and related notions of femininity, gender roles and gender stereotypes and myths.

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