scholarly journals Water Contamination in Petroleum Refinery Processes

2021 ◽  
pp. 267-275
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Abou El Lei ◽  
Khaled M. Mezughi ◽  
Nuri M. Triki
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Petroleum Refinery ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
Petroleum Refineries

<p>This study was conducted to assessment the environmental impacts in petroleum refineries due to the different processes. The paper presents the data obtained during a case study was achieved in Tobruk petroleum refinery. The main petroleum products of the refinery represented by diesel, light naphtha, heavy naphtha and kerosene with maximum production capacity concerning 21,500 bbl/day. The results of the study revealed that the waste water affected by high concentration of hydrocarbons. The heavy metals are also determined and represented by V, Fe, Ni and Cu with low contents in crude oil. Also the pollutants parameters in the disposal water e.g. biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, suspended solids, phenols, ammonia and sulphides are determined, and the results are compared with other refinery types. The concentration of these parameters are higher than the standard values that recommended by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), at the same time these values are less if they are compared with the other refinery types.</p>

Membrane Separation of Wool Scour Effluent

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bilstad ◽  
E. Espedal ◽  
M. Madland
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Separation Plant ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
The Public

Norway's largest yarn factory, Sandnes Uldvarefabrikk, produces knitting wool from 1,000 tons of raw wool a year. The raw wool is washed in 55°C water with high pH detergents. The resulting wastewater has a chemical oxygen demand, COD, of up to 100,000 mg/l and was previously piped directly to the public sewer. The Norwegian Environmental Protection Agency ordered the factory to reduce the COD loading by 75%, effective at the end of 1989. The winter and spring of 1989 was used to test membranes and gather design information for a fullscale separation plant for treating the wool washwater. The results from the pilot testing were encouraging and a fullscale membrane plant was designed, manufactured and installed during the fall of 1989. The wool factory gradually increased the wool scouring capacity, however, and two years later the capacity of the full scale membrane plant was doubled simply by doubling the membrane area of the original plant. The membrane separation plant is tubular ultrafiltration (UF) and the treatment is on a batch basis with a volume reduction of ten. The 31 m2 UF membrane area has an average permeate production capacity of 2 m3/h at 8 kg/cm2 inlet pressure and 3.8 m/s fluid velocity. The feed temperature is never allowed below 40°C due to the high concentration of fat which tends to solidify at lower temperatures and would plug the membranes. The retentate from UF separation is returned to the feed tank whereas the permeate is routed through a heat exchanger to the public sewer. The start volume of each batch is between 15 m3 and 25 m3 with the UF plant manually started. The shutoff is automatic by a level switch set at 2 m3 batch volume. The retentate or sludge is pumped to a second holding tank and the accumulated sludge is once a week transported and dewatered in a lagoon at the local sanitary landfill. The UF membrane plant has a 10 kW power consumption and has more than 700 operating days since 1989. The operator spends two hours a day managing the UF plant including cleaning the membranes after each daily batch, pumping the sludge, logging the data and reporting to the plant management. Membrane replacement is performed once a year at a cost of ₤3,800. The COD, fat and solids reductions have consistently been above 80%.

Integrated Strategy for Treatment of Winery Wastewaters Using Flocculation, Ozonation and Fenton’s Oxidation

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui C. Martins ◽  
Fernando J.R. Abegão ◽  
Adrián M.T. Silva ◽  
Rosa M. Quinta-Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Integration Strategy ◽  
Fenton’S Oxidation ◽  
Optimal Efficiency ◽  
Fenton's Oxidation ◽  
Ozonation Process

AbstractThe present research is based on a case-study involving the development of an adequate treatment for agro-effluents originating from wineries. Flocculation, Fenton’s oxidation and ozonation processes were investigated in order to define the best integration strategy that may conduce to optimal efficiency of degradation and operational cost. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total organic carbon (TOC) were some of the parameters used to analyze the performance of these technologies. The higher COD and TSS removals (73% and 94% respectively) were achieved combining the ozonation treatment with the Fenton process. In addition, the respective cost of COD reduction is lower in this case, when compared with other alternatives. Flocculation revealed not to be needed since in the ozonation process the suspended solids are able to be degraded.

scholarly journals Assessment of Proximate Profile of Selected Fin and Shell Fish and Physicochemical Assessment of Water from Named Rivers in Ogoniland

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Adata A. Jumbo ◽  
M. O. Wegwu ◽  
D. C. Belonwu ◽  
B. M. Onyegeme- Okerenta
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Study Sites

Aims: This study investigated the physicochemical assessment of Rivers Kaa and Bodo in Ogoniland, as well as the proximate profile of selected fin and shell fish from these Rivers. Study Design: Random sampling. Place and Duration of Study: Kaa and Bodo communities of Ogoniland, between August and November 2014. Methodology: The physicochemical analysis; pH, temperature (T), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity (C), salinity (S) and total hydrocarbon content (THC), were done. The results were compared to FEPA and APHA permissible limits. Proximate composition was determined using Association of Official Analytical Chemist standard analytical methods. Results: Physicochemical analysis results showed that T (26.5±.010), (26.8±.006) and TSS (8.68±.006), (12.5±.006) for Kaa were lower than Bodo (sp≤0.05), S (7.20±.021), (8.40±.010) and THC (0.25±.015), (3.00±.040) were both lower for Kaa than Bodo, at (p≤0.05), BOD was higher for samples collected from Bodo than samples collected from Kaa (188±.234), (259±.690). The TDS and Conductivity were both higher for samples from Bodo than those from Kaa, while pH and DO were higher for samples collected from Kaa than samples collected from Bodo. The moisture content for all samples collected from Kaa (63.7±.289), (72.5±.488), (75.1±.973), (67.4±.455), were significantly lower at p≤0.05 than the moisture content for samples from Bodo (68.7±.514), (80.6±.476), (86.2±.790), (74.5±.514) indicating that the samples from Kaa are better sources of protein, lipid, and energy than samples from Bodo. The protein, lipid, crude fibre, ash and dry matter content of all samples from Kaa were significantly higher (p≤0.05) than those for samples from Bodo. Conclusion: These findings suggest a contamination of the study sites particularly Bodo with petroleum products. Furthermore, it shows that the protein contents in all samples from Bodo were below the recommended standards, suggesting that the consumption of fishes from the study area particularly Bodo, is unhealthy.

scholarly journals Water Bodies Quality along Paddy Field in Karang Ploso Sub District, Malang City, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 04007
Author(s):  
Kiki Gustinasari ◽  
Joni Hermana ◽  
Ellina S. Pandebesie
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Organochlorine Contaminants

Agricultural activities cannot be separated from the use of agrochemical, both chemical fertilizer and pesticides. As the largest water user sector, agricultural activities are a source of water pollution. This study was carried out in Brantas’ upper stream along paddy fields, Karangploso Subdistrict, Malang District. The river water samples were collected along the paddy field. The samples were collected when ahead of the harvest season. During the harvest season, pesticides were not sprayed but the concentration of pesticides in the river is quite high. Because no studies have previously measured Organochlorine Pesticide levels in the river along paddy fields, this study is an important contribution to the knowledge of organochlorine contaminants present in surface water in Karang Ploso Subdistrict. The river water has a high concentration of organochlorine pesticides of 400.000 ppt, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 226,8 mg/L, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of 10,2 mg/L, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of 3,8 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 36,4 mg/L, total phosphate (PO4-) of 0,2 mg/L, nitrate (NO3-N) of 0,7 mg/L, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) of 53 mg/L, and potential of Hydrogen (pH) in lab and field of 8 and 7,08, respectively.

scholarly journals Influence of runoff of suspended solids on quality of surface water: Case study of the Szreniawa River

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kowalczyk ◽  
Sylwester Smoroń ◽  
Marek Kopacz
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Biogenic Components ◽  
Basin Area ◽  
Low Precipitation

Abstract Research was conducted in selected points of the Szreniawa River basin (area 712 km2) located in the Miechowska Upland and the Proszowice Plateau. In the years 2016–2017 water samples from the Szreniawa River were taken monthly and the concentration of suspended solids was determined by filtration. The concentration of biogenic components NO3-N, NH4-N and PO4-P was determined by a colorimetric method, using an automatic flow analyser. The average concentration of suspended solids ranged from 192 to 390 mg·dm−3 (with minimum values of 5–20 mg·dm−3 and maximum 837–3937 mg·dm−3) at individual points. There was an upward trend between the content of suspended solids and the concentration of biogenic components. An extremely high concentration of suspended solids happened during storm-like precipitation at the end of June 2017 and amounted to 3937.2 mg·dm−3. The concentration of biogenic components was also highest in this period and amounted to 2.50 mg·dm−3 of NO3-N, 0.49 mg·dm−3 of NH4-N and 1.18 mg·dm−3 of PO4-P. At low precipitation the concentration of suspended solids was also low (5.0 mg·dm−3). A similar pattern was observed for the concentration of biogenic components which was 0.39 mg·dm−3 of NO3-N, 0.17 mg·dm−3 of PO4-P and 0.08 mg·dm−3 of NH4-N.

scholarly journals Determination on inhibition effects of coagulants used in wastewater treatment plants on anaerobic digester

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 1877-1884
Author(s):  
Güler Türkoğlu Demirkol ◽  
Gökhan Balcıoğlu ◽  
Nurtaç Öz ◽  
Moiz Elnekave ◽  
Bülent Armağan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Settling Tank ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Solids Removal

Abstract Domestic wastewaters causing pollution contain inorganic and/or organic materials. When the domestic wastewater outflows to the receiving waters, it causes physical, chemical, and biological pollution in them, and deteriorates the ecological balance of those waters. In the treatment of wastewater, various treatment methods are available depending on the pollution strength of the wastewater. Besides mechanical and biological methods, wastewater treatment with physicochemical methods is still one of the most effective and economical options. Particularly in wastewater with a high concentration of suspended solids, this method is very successful, and obtaining high suspended solids removal efficiencies is very possible. In this study, the effects of the use of coagulant and coagulant aid to be used in a treatment plant where domestic wastewater treatment is carried out are determined to increase the treatment efficiency of a biological treatment that comes later in the stages of the treatment. The effluent of the pre-settling tank may contain a lot of suspended solids. This presence of excess suspended solids decreases the efficiency at other levels of treatment and causes energy loss. In the experiments, the standard jar and inhibition tests are done as a method. As a result of the conducted studies, it is determined that the FeCl3, Synthetic coagulant LP 526, FeClSO4, and the combination of anionic polyelectrolyte yield the best results in the removal of the parameters of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and volatile suspended solids (VSS). While FeCl3, APE 65, APE 85, Synthetic coagulant LP 526, and FeClSO4 did not show any inhibition effect in the sludge, APE 67, CPE 84, and (Al2(SO4)3 are found to cause inhibition in the sludge.

Re-engineering Domestic Septic Tanks into Biogas Tanks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Mawufemo Modjinou
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Septic Tanks

This study is to design a novel septic tank, named Anaerobic Upflow Domestic Septic Tank (AUDST) to recover biogas asenergy and treat domestic sewage. The green technology proposes alternate options to existing Domestic Septic Tanks (DST),encourages anaerobically pre-treatment to reduce bacteria, pollutants, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical oxygen demand(COD) and Biological oxygen demand (BOD) before the effluent is discharged or is removed by cesspit trucks. Studies haveshown that DST in homes partially treat or just store sewage. Again, these DST have to be emptied from time to time becauseit lack features that will sustain anaerobic activity and usually the sludge is disposed of directly into the sea, water bodies andeven into open places such as “Lavender Hills” without any treatment or disinfection. These practices cause severe public healthand environmental problems. To tackle the challenge at household level, DST are redesigned to treat domestic sewage with lessmanagement, low operating cost, low secondary discharge of pollutants. The proposed new design concept is operated throughthree (3) units: such as desilting, anaerobic digestion and facultative filtration units. The anaerobic digestion stage is made upof baffle and anaerobic filter for accommodating sludge and providing a more intimate contact between anaerobic biomass andsewage which improves treatment performance. The anaerobic unit is fitted with locally woven baskets prefilled with packingmaterials. The aim is to strengthen the biological treatment process at this stage. The Facultative Filtration unit of the model isalso packed with filtering media such as gravels (3-6mm in diameter) that is low in cost, and has a high durability to produceeffluent with lower pollutants and suspended solids content to meet Ghana’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standardsfor the discharge of domestic effluents.

Re-engineering Domestic Septic Tanks into Biogas Tanks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
M. Modjinou, L. Darkwah
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Septic Tanks

This study is to design a novel septic tank, named Anaerobic Upflow Domestic Septic Tank (AUDST) to recover biogas asenergy and treat domestic sewage. The green technology proposes alternate options to existing Domestic Septic Tanks (DST),encourages anaerobically pre-treatment to reduce bacteria, pollutants, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical oxygen demand(COD) and Biological oxygen demand (BOD) before the effluent is discharged or is removed by cesspit trucks. Studies haveshown that DST in homes partially treat or just store sewage. Again, these DST have to be emptied from time to time becauseit lack features that will sustain anaerobic activity and usually the sludge is disposed of directly into the sea, water bodies andeven into open places such as “Lavender Hills” without any treatment or disinfection. These practices cause severe public healthand environmental problems. To tackle the challenge at household level, DST are redesigned to treat domestic sewage with lessmanagement, low operating cost, low secondary discharge of pollutants. The proposed new design concept is operated throughthree (3) units: such as desilting, anaerobic digestion and facultative filtration units. The anaerobic digestion stage is made upof baffle and anaerobic filter for accommodating sludge and providing a more intimate contact between anaerobic biomass andsewage which improves treatment performance. The anaerobic unit is fitted with locally woven baskets prefilled with packingmaterials. The aim is to strengthen the biological treatment process at this stage. The Facultative Filtration unit of the model isalso packed with filtering media such as gravels (3-6mm in diameter) that is low in cost, and has a high durability to produceeffluent with lower pollutants and suspended solids content to meet Ghana’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standardsfor the discharge of domestic effluents.

Wastewater control in welding electrode manufacturing - a case study

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Tünay ◽  
I. Kabdasli ◽  
D. Orhon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Case Evaluation ◽  
Acid Bath ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Welding Electrode

Metal finishing plants, although the wastewaters and treatment schemes for this category are well defined, require a case by case evaluation to find appropriate solutions and to solve specific problems. In this paper, a case study conducted on a welding electrode plant is presented. The wastewater sources were surface cleaning, copper plating and soap solutions used for drawing which were frequently included in waters. The plant was subjected to pretreatment standards, which necessitated the control of sulfate and organic matter in addition to standard parameters of metals, oil, suspended solids etc. Following a source-based characterization, treatability studies were conducted to treat high concentration of sulfate, organic matter as well as heavy metals and oil-grease. The proposed treatment scheme involved separate treatment of copper bath for recovery, chemical oxidation for soap solutions, sulfate precipitation for sulfuric acid bath and application of hydroxide precipitation to proper combination of other wastewater sources.

Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Using Extended Aeration Activated Sludge

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayder Gasim ◽  
Abdur Rahman Megat Mohamed Amin Megat ◽  
Rahman Mohamed Kutty Shamsul
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Petroleum Refinery ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Refinery Wastewater ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
Mixed Liquor ◽  
Petroleum Refinery Wastewater

The petroleum refinery wastewater biological treatment is widely investigated because of the potential complete mineralization and environmental aspect. In this study, petroleum refinery wastewater was treated in an extended aeration activated sludge (EAAS) reactor A, operated in parallel with EAAS reactor B as a control, fed with municipal wastewater. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) organic loading rate (OLR) of the refinery wastewater in reactor B was approximately 0.057 kg COD/m3·d compared to reactor A of 0.004 kg COD/m3·d throughout the study period. The flowrate for both reactors was maintained at 21.4 L/day. Food to microorganism (F/M) ratio, COD, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) were monitored throughout the study period. The result indicated high removal efficiency of organic matter of approximately 87% as COD with 2582 mg/L of the petroleum refinery wastewater as influent and 140 mg/L as effluent.

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