Design and Fabrication of Two-Wheeler Silencer Using Catalytic Convertor

Air pollution is most important from the public health point of view, because every individual person breathes approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 Kg of air daily. Polluted air causes physical ill effect decides undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. Air pollution can be defined as addition to our atmosphere of any material, which will have a dexterous effect on life upon our planet. The main pollutants contribute by automobiles are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. Automobiles are not the only source of air pollution, other sources such as electric power generating stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning, industrial processing etc. also contribute heavily to contamination of our environment so it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve earth’s environment from degradation. An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction, it is mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. An aqua silencer is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine. Sound produced under water is less hearable than it produced in atmosphere. This mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level. Because of this property water is used in this silencer and hence its name AQUA SILENCER. The noise and smoke level is considerable less than the conventional silencer, it is cheaper, no need of catalytic converter and easy to install.

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CAMS-Net: The Clean Air Monitoring and Solutions Network

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13912 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Westervelt ◽

Celeste McFarlane ◽

Faye McNeill ◽

R (Subu) Subramanian ◽

Mike Giordano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Multiple Linear Regression ◽

Low Cost ◽

Air Monitoring ◽

Quality Data ◽

Calibration Methods ◽

The World ◽

Clean Air

There is a severe lack of air pollution data around the world. This includes large portions of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as rural areas of wealthier nations as monitors tend to be located in large metropolises. Low cost sensors (LCS) for measuring air pollution and identifying sources offer a possible path forward to remedy the lack of data, though significant knowledge gaps and caveats remain regarding the accurate application and interpretation of such devices.The Clean Air Monitoring and Solutions Network (CAMS-Net) establishes an international network of networks that unites scientists, decision-makers, city administrators, citizen groups, the private sector, and other local stakeholders in co-developing new methods and best practices for real-time air quality data collection, data sharing, and solutions for air quality improvements. CAMS-Net brings together at least 32 multidisciplinary member networks from North America, Europe, Africa, and India. The project establishes a mechanism for international collaboration, builds technical capacity, shares knowledge, and trains the next generation of air quality practitioners and advocates, including domestic and international graduate students and postdoctoral researchers.&#160;Here we present some preliminary research accelerated through the CAMS-Net project. Specifically, we present LCS calibration methodology for several co-locations in LMICs (Accra, Ghana; Kampala, Uganda; Nairobi, Kenya; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and Kolkata, India), in which reference BAM-1020 PM2.5 monitors were placed side-by-side with LCS. We demonstrate that both simple multiple linear regression calibration methods for bias-correcting LCS and more complex machine learning methods can reduce bias in LCS to close to zero, while increasing correlation. For example, in Kampala, Raw PurpleAir PM2.5 data are strongly correlated with the BAM-1020 PM2.5 (r2 = 0.88), but have a mean bias of approximately 12 &#956;g m-3. Two calibration models, multiple linear regression and a random forest approach, decrease mean bias from 12 &#956;g m-3 to -1.84 &#181;g m-3 or less and improve the the r2 from 0.88 to 0.96. We find similar performance in several other regions of the world. Location-specific calibration of low-cost sensors is necessary in order to obtain useful data, since sensor performance is closely tied to environmental conditions such as relative humidity. This work is a first step towards developing a database of region-specific correction factors for low cost sensors, which are exploding in popularity globally and have the potential to close the air pollution data gap especially in resource-limited countries.&#160;&#160;&#160;

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S. I. Engine Pollution Control Using Low-Cost Palletized Catalytic Converter

Volume 2 ◽

10.1115/esda2004-58248 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Madhuri Jakkaraju ◽

Vasudha Patri

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Noble Metals ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Catalytic Converter ◽

Low Cost ◽

Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽

Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

I. C. Engines consume large amounts of fossil fuel emitting harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). By using a catalytic converter (CC), the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon emissions can be transformed into less harmful carbon dioxide (CO2) & water vapor (H2O). Currently available CC’s are using costly noble metals like platinum (pt), palladium (pd), rhodium (rh) etc., hence making them expensive. This paper deals with the use of low-cost palletized silver coated alumina as the catalyst element in a CC. In this study, alumina and silver were used in the ratio of 10:1. All tests have been conducted on a stationary S.I. Engine at a constant speed of 1500 r.p.m with and without CC. Also, the performance of the palletized CC in combination with promoters like Bismuth, Cerium and Lanthanum was tested which have shown better results than silver alone as the coating element. It has been experimentally determined that the CO emissions have dropped from 7.25 (% vol) to 3.03(% vol) and the HC values have reduced from 350 ppm to 190 ppm.

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Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of Catalytic Converter Using Different Wash Coat Material

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.550.62 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 550 ◽

pp. 62-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

V. Karthickeyan ◽

P. Arulraj

Keyword(s):

Aluminum Oxide ◽

Cerium Oxide ◽

Catalytic Converter ◽

Low Cost ◽

Wire Mesh ◽

Project Work ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽

Almost All ◽

Co Emission

Almost all automobiles in the world are emitting a huge amount of exhaust gases to the atmosphere every day. These exhaust gas contains harmful substances like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and other toxic substances. If these substances go on increasing they will cause several diseases like blood circulatory problem, lung diseases, bronchitis, blood cancer, etc. Also they may cause different environmental problems like acid rain, green house effect, etc. So, the emission of these substances should be controlled as far as possible. This project work presents a new catalytic converter to be used for compressed ignition engine. The catalytic converter is developed based on the catalyst materials consisting of metal oxides such as aluminum oxide and cerium oxide coated with wire mesh filter. Both the catalyst materials - aluminum oxide and cerium oxide are inexpensive in comparison with conventional catalysts such as palladium or platinum. The main objective of this work is to control the NOx, CO emission and to develop a low-cost three way catalytic converter. This catalytic converter is assembled in the exhaust manifold region of a computerized single cylinder four stroke diesel engine.

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WTO Confidential: The Case of Asbestos

International Journal of Health Services ◽

10.2190/15cw-79xq-yht5-03ep ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 489-501 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Barry Castleman

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Free Trade ◽

Point Of View ◽

Trade Disputes ◽

The Public ◽

The People ◽

The World ◽

Health Significance ◽

Scientific Adviser ◽

Health Legislation

The World Trade Organization (WTO), created in 1995, adjudicates “trade disputes” between member nations in cases with great human rights, cultural, environmental, and public health significance. Throughout the process of dispute resolution and even after a case is concluded, very little of what happens is made accessible to the public. However, it is one thing to criticize the WTO for its lack of transparency from outside the process, and another to critically examine what was withheld from disclosure and what dangers that presents. This is the inside story from a scientific adviser to one of the parties in a WTO case, analyzing what happened from a public health point of view. This analysis concludes that the public health justification of banning asbestos was accepted in the end by the economists at the WTO, despite the WTO's bias in favoring the party (Canada) making the free trade challenge (to public health legislation, in this case) in numerous stages of the process, despite the WTO's utter lack of expertise in science, medicine, engineering, and public health, and despite important erroneous statements made to the WTO under the cover of confidentiality. Despite its result, this case illustrates that the WTO's threat to national sovereignty could never withstand the light of day, that the people of the world would reject this dangerous free trade fundamentalism if the limitations and dangers of the process were open for all to see.

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Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Sciences Journal 1(12), 2019/ OEAPS Inc.(Open European Academy of Public Sciences); Chief Editor Flora Bertrand - Berlin, Germany. 14.01.2019: OEAPS Inc., 2019. - p. 51.

10.31219/osf.io/ahgds ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Вячеслав Александрович Кудашкин ◽

Бейбулат Салихович Атаев ◽

Ольга Владимировна Письменская ◽

Мария Александровна Латышева ◽

Marina Vladimirovna Kislinskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Service Sector ◽

Focal Point ◽

Chief Editor ◽

Point Of View ◽

Developing Regions ◽

European Academy ◽

The Public ◽

The World ◽

Important Field

Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Sciences is an international journal devoted solely to research in this important field. It provides an environment for research that may not appear in more specialized journals, either because of the interdisciplinary or applied nature of the study, or from the mathematical / quantitative nature of the study. Thus, the journal serves as a focal point for research that has so far appeared in widely distributed sources and / or less suitable sources.Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Sciences strongly encourage contributions regarding the application of quantitative models and methods to address important problems in the service sector and in the public sector. Of particular interest are the accounts of such studies conducted in developing countries and in the economically developing regions of the world. Also of interest are articles in important methodological and substantive areas.The main criterion used in assessing the manuscript submitted to the journal is: uniqueness or innovation in the work from the point of view of the methodology being developed and / or its application to a problem of particular importance in the public sector or service sector and / or the setting in which the efforts, for example, in the developing region of the world. That is, the very model / methodology, application and context of problems, at least one of them must be unique and important.Additional criteria considered in the consideration of the submitted document are its accuracy, organization / presentation (ie logical flow) and recording quality.

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Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Sciences Journal, (11) 2018

10.31219/osf.io/e9daw ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Inc. OEAPS ◽

Михаил Геннадьевич Чепрасов ◽

Карина Аскаровна Агадилова ◽

Игорь Олегович Мячин ◽

Семен Данилович Соколов ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Service Sector ◽

Focal Point ◽

Point Of View ◽

Main Criterion ◽

Developing Regions ◽

The Public ◽

The World ◽

Important Field ◽

Quantitative Nature

Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Sciences is an international journal devoted solely to research in this important field. It provides an environment for research that may not appear in more specialized journals, either because of the interdisciplinary or applied nature of the study, or from the mathematical / quantitative nature of the study. Thus, the journal serves as a focal point for research that has so far appeared in widely distributed sources and / or less suitable sources. Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Sciences strongly encourage contributions regarding the application of quantitative models and methods to address important problems in the service sector and in the public sector. Of particular interest are the accounts of such studies conducted in developing countries and in the economically developing regions of the world. Also of interest are articles in important methodological and substantive areas. The main criterion used in assessing the manuscript submitted to the journal is: uniqueness or innovation in the work from the point of view of the methodology being developed and / or its application to a problem of particular importance in the public sector or service sector and / or the setting in which the efforts, for example, in the developing region of the world. That is, the very model / methodology, application and context of problems, at least one of them must be unique and important. Additional criteria considered in the consideration of the submitted document are its accuracy, organization / presentation (ie logical flow) and recording quality.Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки-международный журнал, посвященный исключительно исследованиям в этой важной сфере. Это обеспечивает среду для исследований, которые могут не появляться в более специализированных журналах, либо из-за междисциплинарного или прикладного характера исследования, либо из-за математического / количественного характера исследования. Таким образом, журнал служит координационным центром для исследований, которые до сих пор появлялись в широко распространенных источниках и / или менее подходящих источниках. Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки решительно поощряют вклад в применение количественных моделей и методов для решения важных проблем в секторе услуг и в государственном секторе. Особый интерес представляют отчеты о таких исследованиях, проведенных в развивающихся странах и в экономически развивающихся регионах мира. Также представляют интерес статьи по важным методологическим и предметным направлениям. Основным критерием, используемым при оценке рукописи, представленной в журнал, является: уникальность или инновационность в работе с точки зрения разрабатываемой методологии и / или ее применения к проблеме особой важности в государственном секторе или сфере услуг и / или обстановке, в которой предпринимаются усилия, например, в развивающемся регионе мира. То есть сама модель / методология, применение и контекст проблем, по крайней мере, одна из них должна быть уникальной и важной. Дополнительными критериями, учитываемыми при рассмотрении представленного документа, являются его достоверность, организация / представление (т. е. логический поток) и качество записи.Антропология Демография и этнография Журналистика История и культурология История и археология Политология Психология Педагогика Региональные исследования и социально-экономическая география Религиоведение Социология Филология и лингвистика Философия Экономика и управление Юриспруденция

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«LIGHTED» LONGFELLOW: THE CONCEPT OF LIGHT IN THE CHANGING STYLE

Известия Смоленского государственного университета ◽

10.35785/2072-9464-2019-47-3-201-210 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 201-210

Author(s):

Vadim Andreyev

Keyword(s):

Low Frequency ◽

Point Of View ◽

Lexical Representation ◽

Target Domain ◽

The Public ◽

Mental Picture ◽

Romantic Poet ◽

The World ◽

The Usa

The necessity of the study of different author’s conceptual sphere to obtain more profound knowledge of the issue how the mental picture of the world is realized in speech has become a generally accepted fact in linguistics. In this article the attention is focused on the role, its changes and specific features of the concept Light verbalization in metaphoric system of a famous American romantic poet H. Longfellow. Conclusions are made on the basis of the analysis of the database which includes lyrical poems in the collections published during the author’s life with the total of over 2000 verse lines. The research utilizes the method of analysis of metaphor as a two-member structure which realizes the transfer of features from the source domain (right element of metaphoric model) to the target domain (left element). Longfellow’s literary works are divided into three periods on the basis of biographical data. The first period embraces the beginning of the 1820-s when the young and yet unknown to the public poet published his early works. The second period lasts from 1826 till the beginning of the Civil War in the USA which became the crucial moment in the life and literature of the country. The final period encompasses the remaining part of the poet’s works. The carried out analysis has showed that being one of the most frequent and most productive concepts in the creation of metaphoric models, the concept Light is one of major units of Longfellow’s conceptual sphere. Thus, aesthetic evaluation of Longfellow’s verses as light, which is expressed by a number of critics, to a great extent reflects subconscious perception of the role of the concept Light in the poet’s mental model of the world. Besides, the analysis made it possible to establish a number of facts concerning Longfellow’s individual style which have not been known up to this moment. Longfellow began with the evaluation of light as one of the mysteries and then proceeded to the understanding of light as an intuitively clear phenomenon. This alteration did not affect permanently positive perception of light by the poet and the verbalization of the corresponding concept. From the point of view of lexical representation, the light in the texts by Longfellow possesses positive connotation, it is the source of strength, beauty and hope. Longfellow views Light as a primarily natural source of light. Verbalization of Light in metaphor is explicitly differentiates this concept from the concept Sound which is characterized by low frequency and negative connotation.

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Traditional Media

Physician Communication ◽

10.1093/med/9780190882440.003.0004 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 167-206

Author(s):

Terry L. Schraeder

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

News Article ◽

Traditional Media ◽

Important Public Health ◽

The Public ◽

The Press ◽

The World ◽

The Media ◽

Medical Journalism ◽

Professional Guidelines

Physicians who participate in the media may perform an important public health service for their communities. Physicians who understand the media (and their influence) may decide to engage and work with the press to inform society on a variety of issues in medicine. Physicians have access to information and knowledge as well as experience, a perspective and a point of view valuable to the public. They have something to say and something to teach the public because they do it every day in their practice, in their profession, and with their patients. Improving their understanding of reporters’ roles, responsibilities, and professional guidelines, along with an overview of the world of medical journalism, may help reduce physicians’ anxiety and potentially help them relate to journalists and interact with the press. Physicians will want to learn important guidelines from the American Medical Association and other organizations regarding their involvement with the media, whether writing a news article or being interviewed on television. This chapter includes the “what, why, how, when, and where” regarding all of the information and advice physicians need before working with or in traditional media.

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Portable RF-Sensor System for the Monitoring of Air Pollution and Water Contamination

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2012/568974 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Joonhee Kang ◽

Jin Young Kim

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Low Cost ◽

Pollution Monitoring ◽

Sensor System ◽

Limited Area ◽

Air Pollution Monitoring ◽

The Public ◽

Quality Of Living ◽

Air Pollution Forecast

Monitoring air pollution including the contents of VOC, O3, NO2, and dusts has attracted a lot of interest in addition to the monitoring of water contamination because it affects directly to the quality of living conditions. Most of the current air pollution monitoring stations use the expensive and bulky instruments and are only installed in the very limited area. To bring the information of the air and water quality to the public in real time, it is important to construct portable monitoring systems and distribute them close to our everyday living places. In this work, we have constructed a low-cost portable RF sensor system by using 400 MHz transceiver to achieve this goal. Accuracy of the measurement was comparable to the ones used in the expensive and bulky commercial air pollution forecast systems.

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