scholarly journals The rise of the Mediterranean woody crops in Southern Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Garrido Almonacid ◽  
Sánchez Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Woody Crops ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Almond Orchard

The area occupied by woody crops in Spain has undergone an enormous increase in size and, more importantly, a profound green revolution that generates enormous harvest volumes that nourish the important national agro-export sector, where products such as olive oil, wine and almonds reach a notable significance. The processes of intensification follow a common pattern, which involves the occupation of the flattest and most fertile soils by firms with an ownership structure favourable for investment; the use of new varieties; and the design of denser planting patterns in which irrigation is an indispensable element and mechanization ubiquitous. The management of digitized spatial information has allowed us to map the evolution of the land uses of the olive grove, the vineyard and the almond orchard in each of the provinces where the regional specialization in these crops is greatest. This has allowed us to learn the key spatial/temporal aspects of these processes of change that are far from complete and that have led to a profound modification of agricultural landscapes, such that fragmentation and polyculture are giving way to geometry, compactness and the concentration of monoculture.  

scholarly journals MAKING TEMPORAL SEARCH MORE CENTRAL IN SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES

2017 ◽  
Vol IV-4/W2 ◽  
pp. 93-95
Author(s):  
P. Corti ◽  
B. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Data Infrastructures ◽  
Dimension One ◽  
Temporal Search

A temporally enabled Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is a framework of geospatial data, metadata, users, and tools intended to provide an efficient and flexible way to use spatial information which includes the historical dimension. One of the key software components of an SDI is the catalogue service which is needed to discover, query, and manage the metadata. A search engine is a software system capable of supporting fast and reliable search, which may use any means necessary to get users to the resources they need quickly and efficiently. These techniques may include features such as full text search, natural language processing, weighted results, temporal search based on enrichment, visualization of patterns in distributions of results in time and space using temporal and spatial faceting, and many others. In this paper we will focus on the temporal aspects of search which include temporal enrichment using a time miner - a software engine able to search for date components within a larger block of text, the storage of time ranges in the search engine, handling historical dates, and the use of temporal histograms in the user interface to display the temporal distribution of search results.

Relative Efficiency by Farm Size and the Green Revolution in Pakistan

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood H. Khan ◽  
Dennis R. Maki
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Profit Function ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Output Price ◽  
Demand Elasticities ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Unit Output

Using the "unit output price" profit function, the study analyses the relative efficiency of (a) old versus new seeds, and (b) large versus small farms in the production of new varieties of wheat and rice in the Indus Basin of Pakistan. It is found that whereas farm .size has no effect on efficiency, high-yielding seeds are more efficient than seeds of old varieties. The study also finds that labour demand elasticities with respect to both land and capital are rather low.

An Obstacle to Africa's Green Revolution: Too Few New Varieties

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gisselquist ◽  
Carl E. Pray ◽  
Latha Nagarajan ◽  
David J. Spielman
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
New Varieties

scholarly journals Technical Change and Returns to Wheat Breeding Research in Pakistan's Punjab in the Post-Green Revolution Period

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Byerlee
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
International Level ◽  
Breeding Research ◽  
Yield Gain ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Rapid Diffusion

Rates of yield gain and returns to investtnent in wheat breeding research are estimated for Pakistan's Punjab for the period since the introduction of semidwarf varieties. Analysis of two comprehensive data sets indicates that wheat breeders have maintained a rate of yield gain in newer releases of semidwarf varieties of about 1 percent per year. Improved disease resistance of newer varieties may have also prevented a yield decline of the order of 0.25 percent per year. Yield gains on farms may be less (0.6 percent per year) because of slow diffusion of new varieties. Given costs of wheat research, returps to investment in wheat breeding have been above 20 percent and are over 15 percent even if all research costs at the national and international level are included. However, more rapid diffusion of new varieties in the Punjab could considerably increase returns to wheat research.

scholarly journals Wealth Effects of the Green Revolution in Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-513
Author(s):  
Faiz Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Wealth Effects ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Large Farmer ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
And Control

It can hardly be denied that since the late Sixties, the introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of a number of commodities, along with tube well irrigation and chemical fertilizers, has significantly improved the overall agricultural productivity in Pakistan [12; 15]. However what is still being debated is the effect of this phenomenon, generally termed "Green Revolution", on rural income distribution in a country where ownership and control of productive resources are far from evenly distributed. I Studies by Khan [13] and Chaudhry (7] in particular have generated a great deal of interest in this subject because of their conflicting conclusions. Khan, on the basis of his study of the Punjab and Sind, concludes that the Green Revolution, while generally being beneficial, did not benefit the small farmer as much as it did the large farmer? As a result, it led to a widening of inter-farm and inter-regional income inequalities. According to him, new varieties, which were relatively more profitable, were adopted more widely by large farmers than by the small ones. Similarly, compared with small farmers, large farmers had greater access to, and control of, modern inputs, institutional credit and tractorized farm power; enabling them to gain still more from the new technologies.

A Systems Perspective on Postharvest Losses

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gill ◽  
N. Poulter
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Postharvest Losses ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Food Quantity ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tropical Systems

The “green revolution,” fathered by the Nobel Laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug, has led to massive yield increases in key crops. Considerable effort continues to be given to the raising of yield plateaux in mainstream as well as minor crops through the application of traditional breeding and more advanced biotechnical methods. However, attention has increasingly been turned to postharvest losses that may impede the realization of the full impact of new varieties, in terms of both food quantity and quality. IFPRI’s “2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment” acknowledges rapid population growth and food productivity as key determinants in the alleviation of poverty, hunger, and malnutrition. Eight billion people in 2020 will require more than twice the current output of the major food items, but this projection assumes full “utilizable production,” which is far from reality. A 1996 CGIAR review of postharvest activities concluded that if the full benefits of productivity research are to be realized, there must be a complementary attention to efficiency in product utilization. Our aim in this chapter is to analyze the process of setting a research agenda that will maximize the potential for increasing food availability through reduced postharvest losses. We start by considering a commodity systems approach (producer to consumer), followed by discussion of what is meant by “loss” in this wider context and the presentation of data giving the rationale for focusing on tropical systems. We then discuss the particular needs of tropical systems, namely, the issues of food security and the sustainability of renewable natural resources, and describe some of the attributes of the approach proposed. Finally, we present six brief case studies to illustrate the potential contribution that science can make in the research to development continuum and reiterate the need to address postharvest losses in the wider social economic and policy context. The definition of the “postharvest system” to be used in this discussion starts with the harvesting of a crop, the slaughter of an animal, or the capture of fish and proceeds through the stages of their processing, storage, handling, marketing, and utilization.

A temporal focus + context visualization model for handling valid-time spatial information

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Carvalho ◽  
A. Augusto De Sousa ◽  
Cristina Ribeiro ◽  
Emília Costa
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Visualization Techniques ◽  
Spatiotemporal Queries ◽  
Temporal Focus ◽  
Valid Time ◽  
Over Time

Spatiotemporal databases provide effective means to represent, manage and query information evolving over time. However, the visualization of record sets that result from spatiotemporal queries through traditional visualization techniques can be of difficult interpretation or may lack the ability to meaningfully display several instants at the same time. We propose a Temporal Focus + Context visualization model to overcome issues from such techniques resorting to concepts from Information Visualization. In this model, Focus + Context is applied to time rather than, as more typically, to attributes or space, and allows large amounts of data from distinct periods of time and from several record sets to be compressed onto one. Underlying the proposed visualization technique is the calculation of a temporal degree of interest (TDOI) for each record driven by specific analysis, exploration or presentation goals and based on the record valid time attribute, as well as on user-defined temporal visualization requirements. In the mapping stage of the visualization pipeline, the TDOI for a record is used to control graphical properties, such as transparency and color. More complex rendering properties, such as sketch drawing edges or other non-photorealistic enhancement techniques, can also be used to convey the temporal aspects of data, replacing the original graphical features of the record data. By enhancing or dimming the representation of a data item, according to the corresponding degree of interest, it is possible to meaningfully compress information about distinct temporal states of data onto the same visualization display. The model has been applied to several test scenarios and proved appropriate and useful for a wide range of domains that require the display, exploration and analysis of spatial information discretely evolving over time.

scholarly journals Geographic expansion and intensification of coffee-growing in Costa Rica during the Green Revolution (1950-89): Drivers and outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Montero ◽  
Marc Badia-Miró ◽  
Enric Tello
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Second Nature ◽  
Geographic Expansion

This article presents fresh improved aggregated data on coffee-growing regional specialization in Costa Rica between the 1950s to the 1980s and discusses the determinants of the expansion of that coffee cropping frontier with amodel that combines environmental and geo-economic drivers. The model performs amultiregression analysis that includes agroclimatic, land use, demographic, and market access variables to explain the geographical patterns of expansion and intensification of coffee-growing areas during the deployment of the Green Revolution. The results allow us to characterize the locations and understand the main drivers behind coffee regional specialization. The results confirm that the locations of coffee-growing expansion were conditioned by a dynamic interaction among first and second-nature factors whose importance changed over time within a complex social and agro-ecological fabric that allowed, to some extent, the endurance of functional shaded management in small-scale coffee plantations.

scholarly journals The Role and Contribution of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnology to Sustainable Agriculture in Africa

Afrika Focus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-108
Author(s):  
D. Kyetere ◽  
E. Okogbenin ◽  
J. Okeno ◽  
J. Munyaradzi ◽  
F. Nangayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Time Required

Africa’s economy is driven by agriculture, a sector that constitutes 32% of the continent’s GDP. The ongoing Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) in Africa hinges on a system change (from subsistence farming to agribusiness) approach that explores high productivity to strengthen the African economy. During the “Green Revolution” period, increased global yields of cereal crops were achieved through the interactions of breeding and agronomy. However, in the face of current challenges, such as climate change and need for new market niches, there is an increasing exigency to explore modern plant breeding (including biotechnology) to develop new varieties with the capacity for high yields in reduced chemical-input systems and with the genetic diversity needed to maintain yield stability in Africa´s fluctuating climatic conditions. Biotechnology has significantly shortened the time required for the development of new cultivars, varieties and hybrids. Modern breeding tools include Double Haploid technology, marker assisted breeding, genomics, genetic engineering and genome editing. It is these tools that help accelerate the development of market responsive varieties needed for sustainable agriculture in Africa that will be highlighted.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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