scholarly journals Isolation and potential biocontrol of the fungus causing anthracnose in longan in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1889-1896
Author(s):  
Phan Thi Huyen ◽  
Vo Thi Xuan Huong ◽  
Do Thanh Nhan
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microbial Community Structures ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
First Time

Introduction: Longan is a crop plant of very high economic value, and both its fruit and flower are beneficial for human health. Longan has been increasingly cultivated in Vietnam due to the increasing demand for domestic consumption as well as export of its fruit. However, the widespread emergence and spread of anthracnose, a group of fungal disease affecting a wide range of plant species, in longan has seriously affected both the longan fruit yield and quality in Vietnam. Current methods for the prevention of anthracnose in longan depend mainly on the use of fungicides which are very harmful to human health as well as disruptive to microbial community structures in different ecosystems. In order to obtain an environmentally friendly method of control for this disease, the agent causing anthracnose in longan must first be identified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate and identify the causal anthracnose agent in longan in Vietnam. Methods: Experiments were first carried out with pieces of anthracnose longan leaves pressed onto the surface of potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated for days at 30◦C. Colonies, varying in appearance, were repeatedly isolated and purified on PDA agar, and the anthracnose-causing agent was initially recognized on the basis of colony characteristics and cell morphology. The suspected isolate was then tested for its ability to decompose healthy longan leaf in vitro, and its rDNA region was cloned and sequenced to determine its taxonomy. Antifungal activity testing was performed using the co-culture method. Results: We obtained a fungal isolate with septate hyphae, ovoid appressoria, and conidia (which were cylindrical in shape with rounded ends). This isolate showed a clear ability to decompose healthy longan leaves. At the molecular level, the isolate was determined to be a fungal species belonging to genus Colletotrichum, and therefore named Colletotrichum sp. strain BKHCM. We also found that its growth was inhibited when co-cultured with Streptomyces flaveus, an actinomycete originating from soil. Conclusion: For the first time, we isolated a fungal species belonging to genus Colletotrichum from anthracnose-infected longan leaves in Vietnam. We also showed that the growth of this fungus could potentially be biocontrolled.

scholarly journals EKSPLORASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI CENDAWAN ANTAGONIS TERHADAP JAMUR AKAR PUTIH (Rigidoporus lignosus) PADA TANAMAN PALA (Myristica fragrans Houtt)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Ariska ◽  
Lola Adres Yanti ◽  
Chairudin Chairudin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Myristica Fragrans ◽  
Rigidoporus Lignosus ◽  
Myristica Fragrans Houtt

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is a multipurpose plantation commodity crop that almost all parts of the plant have strategic economic value to be cultivated. In Indonesia there are the largest nutmeg commodity centers, including the Maluku islands, North Sulawesi and Aceh. The biggest problem with nutmeg plants is the attack of pests and diseases. One of the most severe diseases in nutmeg is white root mushroom (Rigidoporus lignosus). This study aims to 1) determine the fungus of white root fungus antagonists (Rigodoporus lignosus) from the Aceh nutmeg rhizosphere (Myristica fragrans Houtt), 2) identify the content of antibiotic fungus JAP antagonist compounds in Aceh nutmeg plants. The study was conducted by taking soil samples from nutmeg plants at three nutmeg plantations in South Aceh. The antagonist fungus isolation activity uses a dilution method. Isolation of JAP from infected roots using direct planting method. Furthermore, it is identified macroscopically and microscopically. The antagonist test was carried out using the dual culture method with RAL. From the rhizosphere in the nutmeg area, 5 candidate antagonist isolates were obtained, having high in vitro antagonism ability to the pathogen R. lignosus. Identification results showed that isolates 1, 2 and 3 were Trichoderma spp, and isolates 4 and 5 were Gliocladium virens. Keywords: In vitro, the content of antibiotic compounds, Aceh nutmeg, Rigidoporus lignosus, antagonistic test

scholarly journals In vivo and in vitro Volatile Constituents of the Flowers of Xylopia aromatica by HS‑SPME/GC-MS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Junqueira ◽  
Michelle do Nascimento ◽  
Lucas da Costa ◽  
Lincoln Romualdo ◽  
Francisco de Aquino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Large White ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
First Time

Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) is a typical species from the Brazilian cerrado that presents medicinal properties. The plant is distinguished by its large white flowers which produce a pleasant fragrance. X. aromatica is characterized by a wide range of medicinal application. These characteristics have motivated us to investigate the flowers volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via in vivo and in vitro protocols by a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS‑SPME) technique combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC‑MS). Four different fibers, extraction times and temperatures were the parameters changed to lead to the maximum profiling of the volatile constituents. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 77 VOCs were extracted from the floral scent, with 52 and 68 extracted from in vivo and in vitro sampling, respectively, of which 48 were reported for the first time in the literature as volatile constituents from X. aromatica flowers. The extraction and identification of VOCs were successfully performed through HS-SPME/GC-MS. The PCA data allowed the identification of parameters that led to the maximum number of VOCs, which were polyacrylate (PA) and carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) fibers, 60 min extraction time and temperature of 29.0 °C. Among the volatile constituents identified, sesquiterpenes predominated, comprising about 61.04%.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Ethiopian Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dereje Nigussie ◽  
Gail Davey ◽  
Takele Beyene Tufa ◽  
Malcolm Brewster ◽  
Belete Adefris Legesse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

Background: Podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis are the most common causes of lower limb lymphoedema in the tropics. Many sufferers experience frequent painful episodes of acute bacterial infection. Plant based traditional medicines are used to treat infections in many countries and are culturally established in Ethiopia. Ethiopian medicinal plants found to have antibacterial and antifungal activities were reviewed with the aim of increasing information about the treatment of wound infections in patients with lymphoedema.Methods: This study collates data from published articles on medicinal plants with antibacterial and antifungal activities in Ethiopia. A systematic search of Scopus, EMBASE, PUBMED/MEDLINE and Google Scholar was undertaken. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO with registration number CRD42019127471. All controlled studies of in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities were considered. All articles containing the descriptors published until June 28, 2019 were included. The outcome was measured as percent inhibition of microbial growth. For quality assessment of individual in vitro studies, OECD guidelines and the WHO-Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) handbook were used.Results: Seventy-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 150 plant species and three compounds had been tested against 42 species of bacteria, while 43 plant species had been tested against 22 species of fungus.Conclusion: Materials derived from several Ethiopian medicinal plants have been shown to have promising activity against a variety of bacteria and fungi. Those derived from Azadiractha indica A. Juss. and Lawsonia inerms L. are the most extensively studied against a wide range of gram-negative and positive bacteria, and fungal species.

scholarly journals Molecular barcoding reveals the genus Streptomyces as associated root endophytes of apple (Malus domestica) plants grown in soils affected by apple replant disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Mahnkopp-Dirks ◽  
Viviane Radl ◽  
Susanne Kublik ◽  
Silvia Gschwendtner ◽  
Michael Schloter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Genus Streptomyces ◽  
Molecular Barcoding ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
First Time ◽  
Endophytic Community

Apple replant disease (ARD) occurs when apple is repeatedly planted at the same site, leading to growth reductions and losses in fruit yield and quality. Up to now the etiology is poorly understood, but soil (micro)biota are known to be involved. Since endophytes often colonize plants via the rhizosphere this study aimed at comparing the bacterial endophytic root microbiome in plants growing in ARD affected and unaffected soils from three different sites based on greenhouse biotests using a molecular barcoding approach. The initial endophytic microbiome of the starting material (in vitro propagated plants of the apple rootstock M26) did not significantly affect the overall richness and diversity of the endophytic community in plants after 8 weeks of growth in the respective soils, but some genera of the initial microbiome managed to establish in apple roots. Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum in all samples. No differences in diversity or number of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) between plants grown in ARD soil and unaffected soil was observed. However, several ASVs of high abundance uniquely found in plants grown in ARD affected soils were Streptomyces. In soil from all three sites these Streptomyces were negatively correlated to plant growth parameters. Future inoculation experiments using selected Streptomyces isolates have to prove if bacteria from this genus are opportunists or part of the ARD complex. For the first time, the bacterial endophytic community of apple roots grown in ARD affected soils was characterized which will help to understand the etiology of ARD and develop countermeasures.

scholarly journals Deep assessment of human disease-associated ribosomal RNA modifications using Nanopore direct RNA sequencing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel S Naarmann-de Vries ◽  
Christiane Zorbas ◽  
Amina Lemsara ◽  
Maja Bencun ◽  
Sarah Schudy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Rna Modifications ◽  
Flow Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Catalytically Active ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
First Time

The catalytically active component of ribosomes, rRNA, is long studied and heavily modified. However, little is known about functional and pathological consequences of changes in human rRNA modification status. Direct RNA sequencing on the Nanopore platform enables the direct assessment of rRNA modifications. We established a targeted Nanopore direct rRNA sequencing approach and applied it to CRISPR-Cas9 engineered HCT116 cells, lacking specific enzymatic activities required to establish defined rRNA base modifications. We analyzed these sequencing data along with wild type samples and in vitro transcribed reference sequences to specifically detect changes in modification status. We show for the first time that direct RNA-sequencing is feasible on smaller, i.e. Flongle, flow cells. Our targeted approach reduces RNA input requirements, making it accessible to the analysis of limited samples such as patient derived material. The analysis of rRNA modifications during cardiomyocyte differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells, and of heart biopsies from cardiomyopathy patients revealed altered modifications of specific sites, among them pseudouridine, 2-O-methylation of ribose and acetylation of cytidine. Targeted direct rRNA-seq analysis with JACUSA2 opens up the possibility to analyze dynamic changes in rRNA modifications in a wide range of biological and clinical samples.

scholarly journals Development of an in vitro tissue culture system for hammer coral (Fimbriaphyllia ancora) ovaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ling Chiu ◽  
Ching-Fong Chang ◽  
Shinya Shikina
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fetal Bovine ◽  
Short Term Culture ◽  
Mesenterial Filaments

AbstractIn vitro gonad culture systems have proven useful to investigate intrinsic mechanisms of sexual reproduction in animals. Here we describe development of an in vitro culture method for coral ovaries. Mesenterial tissues containing both ovaries and mesenterial filaments were microscopically isolated from the scleractinian coral, Fimbriaphyllia ancora, and culture conditions were optimized. M199 diluted 10× (10% M199, pH 8.1) and supplemented with 25 mM HEPES and the antibiotics, ampicillin, penicillin and streptomycin, supported oocyte survival and maintained the structural integrity of ovaries during short-term culture (~ 6 days). Addition of a commercial antibiotic–antimycotic solution (Anti–Anti) and fetal bovine serum adversely affected ovary maintenance and caused tissue disintegration. Characterization of cultured ovaries showed that there is no difference in cell proliferation of ovarian somatic cells between culture Days 1 and 6. Moreover, the presence of oogonia and expression of a major yolk protein, vitellogenin, were confirmed in ovaries cultured for 6 days. This system will be useful for studying effects of a wide range of substances on coral oogenesis.

scholarly journals In VitroAntifungal Susceptibility of Candida glabrata to Caspofungin and the Presence ofFKSMutations Correlate with Treatment Response in an Immunocompromised Murine Model of Invasive Infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 3646-3649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiola Fernández-Silva ◽  
Michaela Lackner ◽  
Javier Capilla ◽  
Emilio Mayayo ◽  
Deanna Sutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Murine Model ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTIt has been argued that thein vitroactivity of caspofungin (CSP) is not a good predictor of the outcome of echinocandin treatmentin vivo. We evaluated thein vitroactivity of CSP and the presence ofFKSmutations in the hot spot 1 (HS1) region of theFKS1andFKS2genes in 17 Candida glabratastrains with a wide range of MICs. The efficacy of CSP against systemic infections from each of the 17 strains was evaluated in a murine model. No HS1 mutations were found in the eight strains showing MICs for CSP of ≤0.5 μg/ml, but they were present in eight of the nine strains with MICs of ≥1 μg/ml, i.e., three in theFKS1gene and five in theFKS2gene. CSP was effective for treating mice infected with strains with MICs of ≤0.5 μg/ml, showed variable efficacy in animals challenged with strains with MICs of 1 μg/ml, and did not work in those with strains with MICs of >1 μg/ml. In addition, mutations, including one reported for the first time, were found outside the HS1 region in theFKS2gene of six strains with different MICs, but their presence did not influence drug efficacy. Thein vitroactivity of CSP was compared with that of another echinocandin, anidulafungin, suggesting that the MICs of both drugs, as well as mutations in the HS1 regions of theFKS1andFKS2genes, are predictive of outcome.

scholarly journals Utilization of exogenous saccharides by protocorms of two terrestrial orchids  

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 152-158
Author(s):  
Ponert Jan ◽  
Lipavská Helena
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Terrestrial Orchids ◽  
Time Utilization ◽  
First Time ◽  
Germination Stage

Orchid protocorms are completely mycoheterotrophic structures. Although saccharides are proposed as the main energy and carbon (C) sources provided by fungi, there is only limited knowledge on their effects. For the first time, utilization of a wide range of saccharides by in vitro axenic protocorms of two terrestrial orchids from two subfamilies, Ophrys iricolor subsp. lojaconoi and Oeceoclades, was tested. Protocorm size and, in the first of these also rhizoid length and soluble saccharide contents, were analysed. The endogenous saccharide spectra reflected the supplied saccharides and their metabolism. In both species, sucrose supported protocorm growth best. Surprisingly, fructose inhibited O. iricolor subsp. lojaconoi protocorm growth while O. decaryana ones grew well on it. Interestingly, mannitol abundant in mycorrhizal fungi was not utilized while sorbitol not found in fungi was usable. Galactose was toxic at pre-germination stage. Protocorm rhizoid length correlated with protocorm size but revealed several signalling effects of some saccharides. In conclusion, the orchid’s ability to utilize various saccharides reflects more likely species life strategy rather than phylogenetic relations or saccharide abundance in mycorrhizal fungi.  

scholarly journals VB1 Promoted Green Synthesis of Chalcones and its Neuroprotection Potency Evaluation

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin ◽  
Shi ◽  
Wang ◽  
Liu ◽  
Ma
Keyword(s):  
P53 Protein ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Thiamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Caspase 9 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
First Time

For the first time, thiamine hydrochloride (VB1) has been employed as a catalyst for the synthesis of chalcones by metal-free Claisen–Schmidt condensation. Such an environmentally benign approach has several advantages such as a wide range of functional groups tolerance, a high yield of products, and the recoverability of this catalyst. Moreover, this unprecedented methodology enables the synthesis of the pharmaceutically important molecule 2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethylchalcone (3f) and its derivatives. Moreover, 3f and its derivatives were screened for their preliminary in vitro neuroprotective activity against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell lines. Most of the compounds exhibited the neuroprotective activity, and one of the prepared chalcones (3s), which incorporates prenyl moiety, showed the most potency by decreasing the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, Bax, and p53 protein.

scholarly journals Phyto-oestrogens through the life cycle

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aedin Cassidy ◽  
Marian Faughnan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Wide Range

The growing interest in the role of phyto-oestrogens in human health has prompted scientists to evaluate the risk : benefit which would result from consuming high levels of these compounds at different stages of the life cycle. These compounds have been shown to exert a wide range of hormonal and non-hormonal activities in animals and in vitro, and these activities suggest plausible mechanisms for potential health effects in human subjects consuming phyto-oestrogen-rich diets. In addition, experimental and epidemiological data are available supporting the concept that phyto-oestrogen-rich diets exert physiological effects in vivo; however, their relative importance to human health remains to be elucidated. Our understanding of factors involved in their absorption and metabolism, including the role of intestinal microflora, is limited, and these factors together with dose-related effects may well be important in determining clinical efficacy.

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