scholarly journals United States involvement in Vietnam from 1950 to 1959

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Phuong Vu Thu Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
World War ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Vietnam War

The end of World War II led to fundamental changes in the international situation, posing problems for the victor nations which had to abandon the colonial system outdated and inconsistent with objectives. However, giving up interests in the colonies seemed hardly possible for the capitalist powers. France plotted to return to Vietnam to restore colonial rule. The USA went from having no interest in the return of France to backing France, and finally exerting deep intervention and direct involvement in the Vietnam War. This paper gives an outline of the United States involvement in Vietnam from 1950 to 1959.

Spending and Manpower in Four U.S. Mobilizations: A Macro/Policy Perspective

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Horwich ◽  
David J. Bjornstad
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Perspective ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Vietnam War

During the twentieth century the United States has called upon its economy to support a war effort four times: for World War I, World War II, the Korean conflict, and the Vietnam War. The experience of these four military buildups has led to a formal body of mobilization planning incorporating a number of implicit assumptions as to an appropriate mobilization posture. This article reviews the mobilization record of each war and traces the development of the accompanying mobilization doctrine.

scholarly journals Amerykańskie wojska inżynieryjne w konflikcie wietnamskim 1964–1975

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pietrygała ◽  
Zdzisław Cutter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The South ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Vietnam War

The article focuses on the period of the Vietnam War, with particular emphasis on the role played by engineering troops (as a necessary component of individual tactical associations, and a guarantee of success of military operations conducted by the US army). The paper presents the engineering troops’ efforts to build military infrastructure, as well as the assistance provided to the South Vietnamese society. The article contains a list of all engineering units of the American army involved in the Vietnamese conflict, their organizational structure, personnel status, dislocation, as well as the scope of tasks assigned to them. In addition, it shows the cooperation between engineering units and civil contractors at the service of the army (especially in the period preceding the direct involvement of the United States in the war).

scholarly journals G.I. BILL OF RIGHTS: IMPACT ON THE IMAGE OF THE VETERAN IN COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
M. Bazaieva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
World War Ii Veterans ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government

The article explores the incipience of veterans' policies in the United States of America during 1940-1956. This period is notable in veterans' history. This is caused not only by social realities after World War II but by the implementation of brand-new fundamental principles in process of forming veterans' policies. These principles opened a new page in interactions between the government and the veteran community. The article analyzes drafting the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the G.I. Bill of Rights, as well as public discussions around it initiated by President Roosevelt's Administration. One of the main actors of the process was American Legion, influential conservative veterans' organization. The law presented by Legion was passed by Congress. The Act took effect on June 22, 1944, and lasted until 1956. G.I. Bill of Rights guaranteed numerous benefits for veterans in variable spheres of social policies, including medical care, education, housing and business loans, unemployment compensations. The most significant effect had educational programs of G.I. Bill. About 8 million American veterans, including women and African Americans, exercised their right to attend schools, colleges, and universities. Educational programs had great implications both for the veterans' population and social affairs, especially the educational system in the United States. Higher education became more widespread and democratic after the implementation of the G.I. Bill. World War II veterans had the opportunity to realize their potential in different fields, in particular in the political area. G.I. Bill of Rights had a great impact on forming the image of the veteran in the USA. The Act demonstrated the new role of veterans' policies in the context of government activities. Besides, thanks to the educational programs of the G.I. Bill veteran community became a proactive social group that played an important role in the US policy-making in the second half of the 20th century.

From the League of Nations to Vietnam

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udi Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Moment

This chapter focuses on theories of Hans J. Morgenthau, a German émigré specialist on foreign relations. In the years immediately after World War II, Morgenthau emerged as the highest intellectual authority on international relations in the United States. His theory, which became known as “realism,” explained why the United States had no choice but to oppose the Soviet Union and China and prevent them from expanding their power in Europe and East Asia. However, Morgenthau also opposed U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War. This dual position marked both the high point of the German–American symbiosis and the moment of its crisis.

Origins of the Vietnam War

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Road ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Vietnam War

The origins of the Vietnam War can be traced to France’s colonization of Indochina in the late 1880s. The Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh, emerged as the dominant anti-colonial movement by the end of World War II, though Viet Minh leaders encountered difficulties as they tried to consolidate their power on the eve of the First Indochina War against France. While that war was, initially, a war of decolonization, it became a central battleground of the Cold War by 1950. The lines of future conflict were drawn that year when the Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized and provided aid to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi, followed almost immediately by Washington’s recognition of the State of Vietnam in Saigon. From that point on, American involvement in Vietnam was most often explained in terms of the Domino Theory, articulated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on the eve of the Geneva Conference of 1954. The Franco-Viet Minh ceasefire reached at Geneva divided Vietnam in two at the 17th parallel, with countrywide reunification elections slated for the summer of 1956. However, the United States and its client, Ngo Dinh Diem, refused to participate in talks preparatory to those elections, preferring instead to build South Vietnam as a non-communist bastion. While the Vietnamese communist party, known as the Vietnam Worker’s Party in Hanoi, initially hoped to reunify the country by peaceful means, it reached the conclusion by 1959 that violent revolution would be necessary to bring down the “American imperialists and their lackeys.” In 1960, the party formed the National Liberation Front for Vietnam and, following Diem’s assassination in 1963, passed a resolution to wage all-out war in the south in an effort to claim victory before the United States committed combat troops. After President John F. Kennedy took office in 1961, he responded to deteriorating conditions in South Vietnam by militarizing the American commitment, though he stopped short of introducing dedicated ground troops. After Diem and Kennedy were assassinated in quick succession in November 1963, Lyndon Baines Johnson took office determined to avoid defeat in Vietnam, but hoping to prevent the issue from interfering with his domestic political agenda. As the situation in South Vietnam became more dire, LBJ found himself unable to maintain the middle-of-the-road approach that Kennedy had pursued. Forced to choose between escalation and withdrawal, he chose the former in March 1965 by launching a sustained campaign of aerial bombardment, coupled with the introduction of the first officially designated U.S. combat forces to Vietnam.

scholarly journals The reception of penicillin in Portugal during World War II: cooperation with Brazil and the United States of America

2015 ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Victoria Bell ◽  
Ana Leonor Pereira ◽  
João Rui Pita
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Usa

The discovery of penicillin in 1928 and its introduction as therapeutic agent in the 1940’s significantly altered the prognosis of infectious diseases and represented the starting point for research that led to the discovery of other antibiotics. Portugal was one of the first European countries, non-participant in the II World War, to obtain penicillin for civilian use. World production of the antibiotic was scarce and military forces and government appointed research centers absorbed the limited amount available. Good diplomatic relations between Portugal, Brazil and the United States of America (USA) were decisive in attaining penicillin for our country. In May of 1944, the Brazilian government offered Portugal 12 vials of penicillin. During the summer of 1944, as the Portuguese and American governments negotiated the use of the Lages military base in the Azores, they also discussed the terms regarding a regular supply of penicillin for Portugal. In order to import penicillin from the USA, Portugal was obliged to establish a controlling committee to oversee the allocation and distribution of the antibiotic. The Portuguese Red Cross played a major role in this event, on July 26, 1944 the humanitarian institution appointed the Junta Consultiva para a Distribuição de Penicilina em Portugal (JCDPP) to act as a controlling committee. The first allotment of 700 vials, each containing 100 000 units of penicillin, arrived at Lisbon airport on September 8, 1944. In January 1945, the US government increased the monthly allotment to 1000 vials and in March 1945 to 1500 vials. As world production of penicillin increased, controlling committees were no longer necessary. In June 1945, the Portuguese Red Cross terminated the JCDPP and the Portuguese pharmaceutical industry began to import the antibiotic. Cooperation with Brazil and the USA was vital for Portugal to attain penicillin. It enabled the antibiotic to become available to the Portuguese civilian population when its use was still restricted to the military forces. The in advanced acquisition of penicillin in Portugal that resulted from nation cooperation saved many lives to and initiated a new era in the treatment of infectious diseases.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_9

Kala-Azar Imported into the USA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-475
Author(s):  
James H. Zavoral ◽  
James T. Paloucek ◽  
Robert C. Yaeger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
The Usa

Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis, is not an indigenous disease in the United States. Prior to 1945, only nine cases had been reported in this country. Several reports following World War II, estimated that 50 to 75 cases had occurred in American servicemen who had been stationed overseas. Since World War II only three cases have been reported in the United States. Two cases of Kala-azar which were diagnosed in the United States are presented. Leishmania donovani is discussed to alert physicians to the presence of this parasite as a cause of a potentially fatal disease. The children were probably infected with the organism in Spain.

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