scholarly journals Sludge pretreatment by sonication: Effect of temperature

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Tuan Ngoc Le
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Thermal Hydrolysis ◽  
Specific Energy Input ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Sludge Pretreatment ◽  
Cavitation Intensity ◽  
Initial Work

Effects of temperature (T) rise in conditions of isothermal, adiabatic sonication -US (the same power input -PUS), and sole thermal hydrolysis, then its effects associated with PUS for the same specific energy input (ES) and the same treatment duration were investigated. The main results were that the evolution of sludge T depended on PUS. In cases of the same ES (different PUS then different US duration), for the small probe, high PUS were still beneficial for sludge disintegration. However, for the big probe, a low disintegration efficiency was achieved at high PUS due to the high sludge T which leads to a significant damp of cavitation intensity. In cases of the same ES and treatment time, the sludge disintegration still benefited from high PUS if enough time was let for subsequent thermal hydrolysis. Therefore, the combined effect should be taken into account in optimization of US process: cavitation acts mainly during the early stage of the adiabatic US, then US being progressively damped by the increasing T, thermal hydrolysis takes over, being “boosted” by the initial work of US.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature Conditions on Flame Evolutions of Turbulent Jet Ignition

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2226
Author(s):  
Jiaying Pan ◽  
Yu He ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Haiqiao Wei ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Propagation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Turbulent Jet ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Main Chamber ◽  
Detailed Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Jet Flame ◽  
Spherical Flame ◽  
Temperature Conditions

Turbulent jet ignition technology can significantly improve lean combustion stability and suppress engine knocking. However, the narrow jet channel between the pre-chamber and the main chamber leads to some difficulties in heat exchange, which significantly affects combustion performance and mechanical component lifetime. To clarify the effect of temperature conditions on combustion evolutions of turbulent jet ignition, direct numerical simulations with detailed chemical kinetics were employed under engine-relevant conditions. The flame propagation in the pre-chamber and the early-stage turbulent jet ignition in the main chamber were investigated. The results show that depending on temperature conditions, two types of flame configuration can be identified in the main chamber, i.e., the normal turbulent jet flame propagation and the spherical flame propagation, and the latter is closely associated with pressure wave disturbance. Under low-temperature conditions, the cold jet stoichiometric mixtures and the vortexes induced by the jet flow determine the early-stage flame development in the main chamber. Under intermediate temperature conditions, pre-flame heat release and leading pressure waves are induced in the jet channel, which can be regarded as a transition of different combustion modes. Whereas under high-temperature conditions, irregular auto-ignition events start to occur, and spherical flame fronts are induced in the main chamber, behaving faster flame propagation.

scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of Ca cervix postoperative: An institutional study

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Length ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Carcinoma Of Cervix ◽  
Well Differentiated

Introduction: Carcinoma of cervix is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and in developing countries like India. Cervical cancer is third most common cancer among women however there is a good chance of curability if diagnosed in early stage. Materials and Methods: We had analysed 78 patient of carcinoma of cervix post op who were registered from 2012 to 2015 at Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences. Results: We analysed 78 patients between age of 32-70 years and median age is 50 year. Among all patients squamous cell carcinoma is most common (65 patient), adenocarcinoma were 12 and lieomyosarcoma was 1 patient. Among all patient 12 were of adenocarcinoma, 1 of lieomyosarcoma and 65 patient of squamous cell carcinoma. On examination 55 patients were NAD and 23 were residual. Among squamous cell carcinoma 35 were moderate differentiated, 18 were well differentiated and 12 were of poorly differentiated. On examination 55 patients were NAD rest were having disease. Gap between EBRT and SORBO ranging from 3 to 99 days and median is 27 days and median is 29 days. Treatment length varies from 4 cm to 8 cm and median is 6 cm. Ovoide size ranges from 2.5 cm to 3.5 cm and median is 2.5 cm. Dose per fraction ranges from 5 Gy to 9 Gy and median was 9 Gy. Median fraction of session were 2. Out of 78 patients 2 were developed metastasis and 6 having residual disease. 28 patients were NAD and rest were referral and send back to parent hospital. Conclusion: Due to lack of resources and awareness of disease maximum number of patient presented with advanced stage. The recommended treatment time could not be achieved due to scarcity of cancer centres, treatment time is prolonged. We have not found any relation between treatment length and outcome. We are still investigating to conclude to found out relation among these variables.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature at Early Stage of Fruit Development on the Development of Fruit and Seed in Apple

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu TAMURA ◽  
Hirokazu FUKUI ◽  
Shigeru IMAKAWA ◽  
Yoshio MINO
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Effect Of Temperature

scholarly journals Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Obtained by Supercritical Antisolvent Precipitation for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco ◽  
Sacco ◽  
De Marco ◽  
Vaiano
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Antisolvent Precipitation ◽  
Supercritical Antisolvent ◽  
Crystal Violet Dye ◽  
Mean Diameter

In this work, the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalyst from thermal decomposition of zinc acetate (ZnAc) nanoparticles obtained by supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation was investigated. The optimization of calcination conditions of the SAS ZnAc was carried out, studying the effect of temperature (in the range 300–600 °C) on the production of ZnO nanoparticles. In particular, it was demonstrated that the organic residues in ZnO and its particle size, thus the specific surface area, strongly affect the photocatalytic performances. SAS micronization of ZnAc produces regular nanoparticles with a mean diameter of about 54.5 ± 11.5 nm, whereas unprocessed ZnAc is characterized by very large crystals. The experimental results evidenced that ZnAc prepared by SAS process calcined at 500 °C showed a regular nanometric structure (mean diameter: 65.0 ± 14.5 nm) and was revealed to be the best choice for the photocatalytic removal of crystal violet dye (CV). In fact, the photocatalytic activity performances of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by this route were higher with respect to that of ZnO from unprocessed ZnAc calcined at 500 °C (which is characterized by irregular tetrapods with mean size 181.1 ± 65.5 nm). The optimized photocatalyst was able to assure the complete CV decolorization in 60 min of UV irradiation time and a mineralization degree higher than 90% after 120 min of treatment time.

The pathway to diagnosis and treatment for surgically managed lung cancer patients

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria White ◽  
Rebecca J Bergin ◽  
Robert J Thomas ◽  
Kathryn Whitfield ◽  
David Weller
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Secondary Care ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients

Abstract Background Most lung cancer is diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in poor survival. This study examined diagnostic pathways for patients with operable lung cancer to identify factors contributing to early diagnosis. Methods Surgically treated lung cancer patients (aged ≥40, within 6 months of diagnosis), approached via the population-based Cancer Registry, with their primary care physicians (PCPs) and specialists completed cross-sectional surveys assessing symptoms, diagnostic route (symptomatic or ‘investigation’ of other problem), tests, key event dates and treatment. Time intervals to diagnosis and treatment were determined, and quantile regression examined differences between the two diagnostic routes. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses examined associations between survival and diagnostic route adjusting for stage, sex and age. Results One hundred and ninety-two patients (36% response rate), 107 PCPs and 55 specialists participated. Fifty-eight per cent of patients had a symptomatic diagnostic route reporting an average of 1.6 symptoms, most commonly cough, fatigue or haemoptysis. Symptomatic patients had longer median primary care interval than ‘investigation’ patients (12 versus 9 days, P < 0.05) and were more likely to report their PCP first-ordered imaging tests. Secondary care interval was shorter for symptomatic (median = 43 days) than investigation (median = 62 days, P < 0.05) patients. However, 56% of all patients waited longer than national recommendations (6 weeks). While survival estimates were better for investigation than symptomatic patients, these differences were not significant. Conclusion Many operable lung cancer patients are diagnosed incidentally, highlighting the difficulty of symptom-based approaches to diagnosing early stage disease. Longer than recommended secondary care interval suggests the need for improvements in care pathways.

Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 996-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ella Sanders ◽  
Troy Scroggins ◽  
Federico L. Ampil ◽  
Benjamin D. Li
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Breast Conservation ◽  
Intraoperative Radiotherapy ◽  
Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation ◽  
Intracavitary Brachytherapy ◽  
Partial Breast Irradiation ◽  
Breast Irradiation

Whole-breast irradiation, as part of breast-conservation therapy (BCT), has well-established results, good cosmesis, and low toxicity. Results from the BCT trials suggest that the risk for ipsilateral breast cancer recurrence resides within close proximity to the original tumor site. This leads investigators to consider the role of an accelerated and more tumor bed–focused course of radiotherapy. Accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) involves treating a limited volume of breast tissue, with dose of irradiation per fraction increased and the treatment time course decreased. Four currently available methods of APBI are interstitial brachytherapy, intracavitary brachytherapy, intraoperative radiotherapy, and three-dimensional conformal external-beam radiotherapy. Patient selection is critical. This review article presents some preliminary clinical observations and limitations that suggest a potential role for APBI as a more user-friendly mode for delivering radiotherapy after lumpectomy for early breast cancer.

The influence of temperature on the tension developed in an isometric twitch

1951 ◽  
Vol 138 (892) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Tension ◽  
Velocity Of Shortening ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Isometric Twitch ◽  
The One

In muscular contraction the development of tension requires that the contractile component should shorten and stretch the series elastic component. In an isometric twitch the maximum tension is reached as a balance between two opposing processes, internal shortening on the one hand and decay of the active state (relaxation) on the other. The fact that the maximum tension in a twitch is considerably less than in a tetanus has been attributed to oncoming relaxation allowing insufficient time for internal shortening to be completed. The maximum tension in a twitch is considerably reduced by a rise of temperature, while that in a tetanus is somewhat increased. This would require that the temperature coefficient of the velocity of shortening should be substantially less than that of the decay of activity. Evidence for this exists. On this view the effect of a quick stretch, applied during the early stage of a twitch, in increasing the tension ratio, stretch/isometric, should be much greater at a higher temperature. This expectation is confirmed on frogs’ muscles over the range 0 to 20°C. The effect of temperature, therefore, on the size of a twitch can be attributed to the difference between the temperature coefficients of velocity of shortening and rate of relaxation.

The PACE trial: International randomised study of laparoscopic prostatectomy vs. stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and standard radiotherapy vs. SBRT for early stage organ-confined prostate cancer.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. TPS153-TPS153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty Morrison ◽  
Alison Tree ◽  
Vincent Khoo ◽  
Nicholas John Van As ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Overall Treatment Time ◽  
Multicentre Phase ◽  
Randomised Study

TPS153 Background: The development of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) has provided a further treatment option for early stage prostate cancer. In addition to the benefits of an overall treatment time reduction, profound hypofractionation could result in therapeutic gain given the radiobiology of prostate cancer. Evidence suggests SBRT to be safe and effective; however randomised data is lacking comparing outcomes with standard treatment options. Aim: To assess whether SBRT offers therapeutic benefit in comparison to prostatectomy or standard radiotherapy. Methods: The PACE trial is an international multicentre phase III trial, comprising two parallel randomisation processes. Within PACE A, potential surgical candidates are randomised between radical prostatectomy and SBRT (36.25 Gy in 5 fractions). In PACE B, randomisation is between standard radiotherapy (78Gy in 39 fractions or 62Gy in 20 fractions) and SBRT (36.35Gy in 5 fractions). SBRT can be delivered using Cyberknife or gantry based techniques. Patients with low or intermediate risk prostate cancer are eligible for the trial, and are treated without the use androgen deprivation therapy. Follow up is for a period of 10 years. The aim is to recruit 234 patients to PACE A (117 in each arm) and 858 patients to PACE B (429 patients in each arm). Primary Objectives: PACE A: To determine whether there is improved quality of life after SBRT compared with surgery at 2 years post treatment, using EPIC score to measure urinary incontinence and bowel bother. PACE B: to determine whether SBRT is non-inferior to surgery in terms of freedom from biochemical/clinical failure at 5 years from randomisation. Progress: PACE A has been slower to recruit than anticipated due to the difficulties of a surgery versus radiotherapy randomisation. However, it is expected to reach target accrual, having recruited 57 patients from 3 centres. In contrast, PACE B is recruiting exceptionally well, open in 40 centres, and as of October 2017 recruited 762 patients. Accrual target is expected to be reached by the end of 2017. Clinical trial information: NCT01584258.

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