scholarly journals IMPROVE THE INCREMENTAL BLOCK TARIFFS OF ELECTRICITY: TO HARMONIZE PRICING POLICY TARGETS IN THE NEW CONTEXT OF POWER SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN VIETNAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-498
Author(s):  
Xuan Hoi Bui
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Policy Targets

A Simulation-Based Analysis of Electricity Access in Uganda

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Lillian Namujju ◽  
Gönenç Yücel ◽  
Erik Pruyt ◽  
Richard Okou
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Capacity Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Electricity Access

Access to power is tied to a country's development. It facilitates improved social welfare, education, health and income generating opportunities. Uganda's economy is stifled by its low electrification rates - 16% nationally. This study builds a working theory on the internal setup of Uganda's power sector utilizing this theory to surface influential behavior modes as they pertain to power generation and supply and how these ultimately affect electricity access. Based on this working theory a System Dynamics simulation model is built. The model simulations show how Uganda's power sector is expected to evolve over 80 years in terms of power supply and demand given existing market structure and prevailing conditions. The study finds major problems in the nature of power accessed specifically an insufficient and unreliable power supply. The root cause is found in the nature of the existing capacity planning process in terms of how future capacity requirements are determined and the agreements made with generators as to how and when they fulfill their investment obligations.

Smart Polygeneration Grid: Control and Optimization System

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximiliano Bozzo ◽  
Francesco Caratozzolo ◽  
Alberto Traverso
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Minimization Problem ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Constrained Minimization Problem ◽  
Different Levels

This study aims at the development of a software tool for supply and demand matching of electrical and thermal energy in an urban district. In particular, the tool has been developed for E-NERDD, the experimental district that TPG-DIMSET is going to build in Savona, Italy. E-NERDD is an acronym for Energy and Efficiency Research Demonstration District. It is one of the districts that will be used within the project to demonstrate how different software tools and algorithms perform in thermodynamic, economic and environmental terms. The software tool originally developed for and implemented in this work, called E-NERDD Control System, is targeted on enabling the operation of the hardware, when connected in a district mode. Supply and demand are matched to reach a thermoeconomic optimum. An optimization algorithm is organized into two different levels of optimization: a first level that resolves a constrained minimization problem in planning power supply for each generator on the basis of day-before forecasting; and a second level that distributes among the different machines the gap between planned and real-time demand. The algorithm developed is demonstrated in four test cases in order to test it in different working conditions.

Design of Demand Response System Based on OpenADR

2014 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 444-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Kai Guo ◽  
Bing Qi ◽  
Song Song Chen ◽  
Ming Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Response System ◽  
Global Power

The double pressures of resources and environment have brought the global power industry into the era of Smart Grid. In order to better promote the development of Demand Response of Smart Grid and to offer new regulation resources for the safe and stable operation of electric power system, OpenADR, the Open Automated Demand Response Communications Specification, has been discussed in detail, which aims at the problems of energy efficiency and the contradiction between power supply and demand. And a design scheme of Auto-DR system which introduces in detail the system architecture and the communications architecture based on OpenADR was proposed to realize the two-way communications between Utilities and end-users, and the problems such as the peak, the gap between supply and demand and the electricity structure management would be consequently solved. This scheme has a certain reference value to the Demand Side Management under the framework of Smart Grid.

Generic drug prices and policy in Australia: room for improvement? A comparative analysis with England

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Generic Medications ◽  
Generic Prescribing ◽  
Government Websites ◽  
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

Objective To assess the degree to which reimbursement prices in Australia and England differ for a range of generic drugs, and to analyse the supply- and demand-side factors that may contribute to these differences. Methods Australian and English reimbursement prices were compared for a range of generic drugs using pricing information obtained from government websites. Next, a literature review was conducted to identify supply- and demand-side factors that could affect generic prices in Australia and England. Various search topics were identified addressing potential supply-side (e.g. market approval, intellectual property protection of patented drugs, generic pricing policy, market size, generic supply chain and discounting practices) and demand-side (consumers, prescribers and pharmacists) factors. Related terms were searched in academic databases, official government websites, national statistical databases and internet search engines. Results Analysis of drug reimbursement prices for 15 generic molecules (representing 45 different drug presentations) demonstrated that Australian prices were on average over 7-fold higher than in England. Significant supply-side differences included aspects of pricing policy, the relative size of the generics markets and the use of clawback policies. Major differences in demand-side policies related to generic prescribing, pharmacist substitution and consumer incentives. Conclusions Despite recent reforms, the Australian Government continues to pay higher prices than its English counterpart for many generic medications. The results suggest that particular policy areas may benefit from review in Australia, including the length of the price-setting process, the frequency of subsequent price adjustments, the extent of price competition between originators and generics, medical professionals’ knowledge about generic medicines and incentives for generic prescribing. What is known about the topic? Prices of generic drugs have been the subject of much scrutiny over recent years. From 2005 to 2010 the Australian Government responded to observations that Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prices for many generics were higher than in numerous comparable countries by instituting several reforms aimed at reducing the prices of generics. Despite this, several studies have demonstrated that prices for generic statins (one class of cholesterol-lowering drug) are higher in Australia compared with England and many other developed countries, and prices of numerous other generics remain higher than in the USA and New Zealand. Recently there has been increasing interest in why these differences exist. What does this paper add? By including a much larger range of commonly used and costly generic drugs, this paper builds significantly on the limited previous investigations of generic drug prices in Australia and England. Additionally, this is the first comprehensive investigation of multiple supply- and, in particular, demand-side factors that may explain any price differences between these countries. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners may contribute to the higher prices of generic medications in Australia compared with England through relatively low rates of generic prescribing. There are also significant implications for health policy makers, as this paper demonstrates that if Australia achieved the same prices as England for many generic drugs there could be substantial savings for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

scholarly journals Research on Dynamic Evolution Simulation and Sustainability Evaluation Model of China’s Power Supply and Demand System

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2009
Author(s):  
Jin-peng Liu ◽  
Yu Tian ◽  
Hao Zheng ◽  
Tao Yi
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Demand Systems ◽  
Evolution Simulation ◽  
Sustainability Problems ◽  
The Ideal

Power supply and demand systems are important support systems for industrial production and residents’ lives. They have multiple influencing factors, and complex mechanisms of interaction exist among these factors. In view of the present sustainability problems faced by China’s power supply and demand system, this research adopts a system dynamics (SD) model to simulate the evolution of China’s power supply and demand system, and analyzes the interaction mechanism of various elements of the system. Based on this, an innovative index system for the evaluation of the sustainability of power supply and demand systems is proposed based on the four elements of total amount, structure, technology and environment. Furthermore, by integrating Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and State Space (SS) method, a PCA-SS evaluation model is constructed to explore the development bottleneck of China’s power supply and demand system. The results show that there is still a large gap between the actual sustainability and the ideal range, and that the sustainability of structural and environmental layers needs further improvement. This research expands the knowledge system regarding the evaluation of the sustainability of power supply and demand systems and provides a theoretical reference for the optimization of China’s power supply and demand system.

scholarly journals ENHANCING THE ENTERPRISE PRICING STRATEGY MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Iryna M. Miahkykh ◽  
Mariana S. Shkoda ◽  
Oleksandr М. Peresypko
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Strategy Management ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Marketing Concept ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Sales Strategy ◽  
Pricing Policies

The fundamental objectives of this study is to provide insights to the “pricing policy” concept, to explore the factors that affect pricing of commercial products, as well as to develop recommendations to enhance the company's strategic management in the area of its pricing policy. To attain the above objectives, the following research methods have been employed: system analysis and logical generalization – to improve the framework for the enterprise pricing strategy management optimization; a substrate approach – to justify and group the internal and external factors affecting the pricing policy. It is noted that while estimating the price for products, the company seeks to obtain the desired profit, both in the short run, and for the future, in the long term to ensure their competitiveness. Thus, within a pricing policy it is critical to maintain the permanent process of selection and comparison of an acceptable ratio between the product output and its price subject to the market. However, mere competitors’ price monitoring or price comparing and adjustments, are not yet sufficient for achieving business success. While shaping the pricing policies and adjusting prices, a company should focus on consumer purchasing power, since the market factor plays a key role in pricing. Moreover, for many enterprises price is the major tool for managing supply and demand. It is also very important that these methods are applied synchronously, which will enable the company to set relevant prices and make products competitive through pricing quality management policies. Since the cost accounting method refers to the costs associated with product manufacturing and sales, respectively, the target costs are recorded, whereas the market approach facilitates businesses to assess the current situation in the market. In the strategy of managing pricing policies, it is necessary to seeing the importance of the relationship and correlation between the sales strategy and the marketing concept of the enterprise. Another significant finding of the study in the context of pricing strategy management is the need to consider the relationships and correlation between a sales strategy and the company marketing concept. Thus, while designing pricing strategies, first of all, it is critical to focus on setting the relevant price level that will contribute to maximizing the total company profit under limitrophe regulation of its business activities in a competitive environment, as well as to develop the optimal pricing policy and select a particular management strategy in line with specific company goals and activities.

scholarly journals Impact of natural gas pricing policy for energy security and macroeconomic resilience: A literature review from global perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 927 (1) ◽  
pp. 012009
Author(s):  
M A C Putriastuti ◽  
M Hanita ◽  
P Yusgiantoro
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Natural Gas Market ◽  
Market Dynamic ◽  
Natural Gas Development ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The Government ◽  
Policy Transformation

Abstract Indonesia’s government has targeted 24% of natural gas in the national energy mix by 2050. However, one of the main problems in Indonesia’s natural gas development is the price mechanism. Unlike many countries, Indonesia’s natural gas market, including its pricing, is still heavily regulated and subsidized by the government. The low natural gas price has damaged the investment climate and slowed the natural gas development in the country. An overview of the global natural gas market evolution, as well as a comprehensive analysis of natural gas market transformation from China and Malaysia, were presented in this paper. The wider gap between supply and demand of natural gas and the increase of the LNG market in Asia have pushed China and Malaysia to reform their natural gas market into a liberalized system. This provides an insight to examine Indonesia’s natural gas pricing policies. The highly regulated market often fails to provide the actual cost of supply, leads to underinvestment, and causes a natural gas shortage in a country. Natural gas pricing policy transformation is mandatory to ensure supply stability and keep up with the global natural gas market dynamic. The transformation should be implemented gradually to give natural gas producers and end-users enough time to adjust to the regulations. In the end, gas-to-gas competition should be set as the long-term goal to allow retail competition in Indonesia’s natural gas market.

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