scholarly journals Igbo adjectives as morphophonologized relatives

1990 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omen N. Maduka-Durunze
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Polar Set

Igbo adjectives are semantically, syntactically and morphophonologically derived. Underlyingly, they are relatives that are phonologized into a suppietive form. For this reason they cannot occur in predicative position, unlike adjectives in English. They are in two sets: the relative, polar set, which can be emphasized and further suppleted, and the non-relative, antipodal or taxonomic set, which cannot be emphasized, except perhaps by way of ideophonic periphrasis. Non-emphatic adjectives are also often ambiguous because of their inevitable incorporation of two copulas, one stative and neutral, the other active and cognate. One implication of all this is that 'Adj' is not a primitive syntactic category in Igbo and as such is not needed for its formal description. Another is that on the basis of formal behavioural criteria, a proper census of true adjectives in Igbo can now be taken.

scholarly journals The emergence of the grammatical paradigm of nominal determiners in French and in Romance: Comparative and diachronic perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Carlier ◽  
Béatrice Lamiroy
Keyword(s):  
Initial Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Pattern Characteristic ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article is devoted to the emergence of a new paradigm in French and Romance: that of nominal determiners. Latin had no articles, and although possessives, demonstratives and indefinites could determine the noun, they could also be used as pronouns or adjectives, so that the morpho-syntactic category of nominal determiners did not exist as such. We first examine the diachronic evolution of French, where a far-reaching grammaticalization process took place. Syntagmatically, all determiners end up in the NP-initial position as the only available syntactic slot, contributing to the highly configurational NP pattern characteristic of Modern French. From a paradigmatic viewpoint, determiners no longer correspond to a syntactic function, but to a separate morpho-syntactic category. We also evaluate to what extent this evolution took place in two other Romance languages, Italian and Spanish. Through the analysis of this particular evolution, based on parallel corpora consisting of a Latin text and its translations in Old, Middle, and Modern French on the one hand, and in Spanish and Italian on the other, our study also provides evidence for more general mechanisms, analogy in particular, at work in the creation of new paradigms.

A FORMAL YET PRACTICAL APPROACH TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 93-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID KONOPNICKI ◽  
LIOR LEIBA ◽  
ODED SHMUELI ◽  
YEHOSHUA SAGIV
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Theoretical Investigation ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Software Components ◽  
Automated Negotiation ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Electronic Contract ◽  
Automated Tools ◽  
Deal Making

This work explores (semi-)automated EC on the WWW. The EContracts framework enables EC WWW sites and EC automated tools to present standardized information. This information (1) allows each party to decide whether it wishes to engage in an EC activity with the other party, (2) enables automated negotiation between the parties, and (3) enables the establishment of an electronic contract, i.e. a formal description of an agreed upon EC transaction. The EContracts framework defines the basic software components of an EC party and their interconnections. Based on the EContracts framework, various applications can be built. Examples are deal making applications, deal feasibility checkers, brokers etc. Furthermore, the definitions of the data structures and the algorithms enable a theoretical investigation of automated commerce.

scholarly journals Paremiologia na warsztacie leksykografa. W stronę słownika przyjaznego odbiorcy

2018 ◽  
pp. 273-284
Author(s):  
Tomasz Szutkowski
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
User Friendly

The paper features a treatment of the basic postulates that are aimed at developing a proverb dictionary, which would, on the one hand, characterize the assembled material in an optimal and comprehensive way, and retain the status of a user-friendly dictionary, on the other hand. This “friendliness” is achieved through the simplification of formal description, the withdrawal of acronyms and references, and the reduction of redundant comments and explanations. The order of particular description elements is also of considerable importance in the process of developing a dictionary, which will, first and foremost, allow the user to easily acquire as broad a knowledge about proverbs as possible in an accessible and effective way.

scholarly journals Relative Clause and Downstep in Japanese

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manami Hirayama ◽  
Hyun Kyung Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Syntactic Boundaries

It has been proposed that Japanese downstep, in which the pitch register is lowered after an accented phrase, is sensitive to certain syntactic boundaries. In this paper, we investigate whether downstep is blocked at the relative clause boundary in a production experiment with ten speakers. The results suggest that it does not block downstep. On the other hand, there is a difference between adjectives and verbs when they are used attributively with a head noun: Downstep is observed robustly in the verb condition, whereas there is much inter-speaker variation in the adjective condition. Taken together with the results of past research, we propose that the different patterns found by syntactic category, in particular, adjectives, verbs, and nouns, may be explained by assuming speakers’ knowledge of the behavior of these categories that is activated when they pronounce the phrase. Nouns and verbs are readily available as a combined concept in Japanese and thus downstep is not blocked, whereas combinations of adjectives are not so readily available, and thus speakers may insert a boundary, breaking up a phrase that would otherwise constitute a single domain for downstep.

scholarly journals The morphosyntax of number in Estonian numeral-noun constructions

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Mark Josef Norris
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Robust System

The interaction of numerals and number-marking has generated much research in both morphosyntax and semantics in those domains. In this paper, I propose an analysis of number-marking in the numeral-noun constructions of Estonian. They are noteworthy for the existence of two morphosyntactic frames. In one, both the numeral and noun are singular, and the noun bears partitive case. In the other, both the numeral and noun are plural, and there is no assignment of partitive case. I propose an analysis whereby the head assigning partitive case is of the same syntactic category as the head introducing plurality: Borer's (2005) Div. Previous accounts do not capture the generalization that the numeral always matches the noun's number-marking. I propose it is another instance of the language's already robust system of nominal concord

scholarly journals How to Merge a Root

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijke De Belder ◽  
Jeroen van Craenenbroeck
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Functional Material ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Vocabulary Insertion

The main goal of this article is to show that four properties of roots can be derived in a principled manner from the theory of Merge. The properties in question are the following: (a) roots have no grammatical features, (b) roots have no syntactic category, (c) roots are defined structurally rather than lexically, and (d) roots are dominated by functional material (rather than the other way around). We argue that the first Merge operation in each cyclic domain creates a radically empty structural position at the foot of the structure in which a root can be inserted at the level of Vocabulary Insertion. The four abovementioned properties of roots can then be shown to follow straightforwardly from this theory.

Two new species of Thermosbaenacea (Peracarida, Halosbaenidae and Monodellidae) from southern France

Crustaceana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 993-1019
Author(s):  
H. P. Wagner ◽  
C. Bou
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Alluvial Aquifer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Small Species ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
A New Species

Abstract Two new species of Thermosbaenacea are described from various locations in southern France. One species is Limnosbaena occidentalis n. sp., a species that has been known since 1967 and has long been awaiting a formal description, the other is Tethysbaena exigua n. sp., a very small species that represents a new species-group within the genus and has more morphological affinities with the Caribbean Tethysbaena sanctaecrucis species-group than with any other group. Furthermore, some considerations about the origin and ecology of these species are given. Three species distributed over the families of Halosbaenidae and Monodellidae are now known in France within a radius of 80 km around Marseille, one of which has also been identified in the alluvial aquifer of the Dordogne river.

Derivational Morphology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle Lieber
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Abstract Noun ◽  
Morphological Process ◽  
New Words ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The One

Derivational morphology is a type of word formation that creates new lexemes, either by changing syntactic category or by adding substantial new meaning (or both) to a free or bound base. Derivation may be contrasted with inflection on the one hand or with compounding on the other. The distinctions between derivation and inflection and between derivation and compounding, however, are not always clear-cut. New words may be derived by a variety of formal means including affixation, reduplication, internal modification of various sorts, subtraction, and conversion. Affixation is best attested cross-linguistically, especially prefixation and suffixation. Reduplication is also widely found, with various internal changes like ablaut and root and pattern derivation less common. Derived words may fit into a number of semantic categories. For nouns, event and result, personal and participant, collective and abstract noun are frequent. For verbs, causative and applicative categories are well-attested, as are relational and qualitative derivations for adjectives. Languages frequently also have ways of deriving negatives, relational words, and evaluatives. Most languages have derivation of some sort, although there are languages that rely more heavily on compounding than on derivation to build their lexical stock. A number of topics have dominated the theoretical literature on derivation, including productivity (the extent to which new words can be created with a given affix or morphological process), the principles that determine the ordering of affixes, and the place of derivational morphology with respect to other components of the grammar. The study of derivation has also been important in a number of psycholinguistic debates concerning the perception and production of language.

scholarly journals The cave crickets of the genus Dolichopoda from Evvia and Skyros islands: formal description of D. octhoniai and D. saraolacosi (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sotiris Alexiou ◽  
Claudio Di Russo ◽  
Mauro Rampini
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Geological History ◽  
The West ◽  
Aegean Area ◽  
Taxonomic Description ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Of Greece

Two species, <em>D. octhoniai</em> from Evvia and<em> D. saraolacosi</em> from Skyros island (Greece) are morphologically described. These two species were collected for the first time at the end of the ‘70s but they were recorded only as nomina nuda without any formal taxonomic description<em>. D. octhoniai</em> is very similar to the other Evvian species <em>D. makrikapa</em> and to<em> D. vandeli</em> and D<em>. petrochilosi</em> from Viotia and Attiki respectively, differing from them only by a few morphological characters. On the other hand<em> D. saraolacos</em>i is very different from all the other species of Central Greece and West Aegean showing some affinity only with the Attiki species <em>D</em>. <em>insignis</em> and with the South Evvian species<em> D. cassagnaui.</em> Relationships among the species inhabiting caves of this area of Greece are discussed in relation to the complex geological history of the West Aegean area and the adjacent mainland.

scholarly journals GENERAL IN GENERAL INTERPRETATION OF THE PREDICI TION OF THE PREDICITY EVENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Rakhima Abdullaevna Kurbonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Objective Being

Background. The introductory part of the article provides general information, such as the fact that the predicative event is a syntactic category that forms a sentence, giving the content of the sentence the ability to report an event of an objective being. Methods. Methods, on the other hand, explain that predicative, sign (action, quality, and feature) represent the relationship of an object to time and inclination, and thus transform a sentence into a unit that forms and communicates a particular idea. This section also analyzes the level of study of the predicative phenomenon. Results. This part of the article provides information on whether the presence or absence of predicative in the “secondary expression of proposition in multi-predicate devices is a hotly debated issue among linguists. Such data are analyzed with vivid evidence. it is also argued that there is diversity in the approach to predicative.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document