scholarly journals The prevalence of extra-lethal violence across cultures in warfare

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aaron Z. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Direct Benefit ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Decisive Advantage

Extra-Lethal Violence, a form of physical aggression that goes beyond the necessity to kill someone, presents a conundrum: it is inefficient and dangerous to produce, especially during warfare. Extra-Lethal Violence, particularly when it manifests in warfare, does not contribute to the immediate survival of individuals; the time, effort, and lack of awareness of surroundings or other attack suggests that Extra-Lethal Violence could be maladaptive at the individual level or in the short term. Yet this individually risky behavior that seems to have no direct benefit to the aggressor is both common and persistent across time and space. We utilized the electronic Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) to conduct a cross cultural analysis of the prevalence and potential predictors of Extra-Lethal Violence. Our research indicates that Extra-Lethal Violence is present across all populated regions of the world, for the entire timespan of the ethnographic record up to the ethnographic present, across subsistence, marriage, and social complexity levels. Our research suggests that Costly Signaling Theory (CST) is currently the best explanation for this behavior. Extra-Lethal Violence can be characterized as a difficult to fake, clear indicator of martial skill and physical fitness that has a high broadcast efficiency, both within and between groups. Rather than allowing behaviors such as Extra-Lethal Violence to be labeled as 'abhorrent' or 'disgusting,' we must view Extra-Lethal Violence in the same light as the cavalry, the ironclads, or nuclear weapons: societies seeking a decisive advantage over their enemies, utilizing available resources, be they material or behavioral.

Developing a Research Method to Analyze Visual Literacy Based on Cross-Cultural Characteristics

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Felicidad García-Sánchez ◽  
José Gómez-Isla ◽  
Roberto Therón ◽  
Juan Cruz-Benito ◽  
José Carlos Sánchez-Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Visual Literacy ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Literacy Research

This chapter presents a new approach of a quantitative analysis used to research the understanding of visual literacy issues. The objective of the research is to find common patterns, opinions, and behaviors between different people regarding the use of visual communication and people's state of visual literacy, while also considering the possible cultural differences related. To explain visual literacy and its implications, the theoretical background about the visual literacy research field is presented first. Then, also within the section on background, the chapter presents the main concepts related to culture, and how it and visual literacy can be analyzed together to enable cross-cultural analysis. To conduct these cross-cultural analyses, this chapter proposes a new kind of quantitative questionnaire-based instrument that includes a section to measure the cultural characteristics of the individual and their level of literacy. This instrument proposal is the main result, since the research field of visual literacy lacks this kind of quantitative approach.

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Variations in Extreme Rejecting and Extreme Affirming Response Styles

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 955-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tieyuan Guo ◽  
Roy Spina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Response Style ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Previous research has discussed cultural differences in moderacy vs extremity response styles. The present research found that cultural differences in response styles were more complex than previously speculated. We investigated cross-cultural variations in extreme rejecting versus affirming response biases. Although research has indicated that overall Chinese have less extreme responses than Westerners, the difference may be mainly driven by extreme rejecting responses because respondents consider answering survey questions as a way of interacting with researchers, and extreme rejecting responses may disrupt harmony in relationships, which is valued more in Chinese collectivistic culture than in Western individualistic cultures. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that Chinese had less extreme rejecting response style than did British, whereas they did not differ in extreme affirming response style. Study 2 further revealed that the cross-cultural asymmetry in extreme rejecting versus affirming response styles was partially accounted for by individualism orientation at the individual level. Consistently, Study 3 revealed that at the country level, individualism was positively associated with extreme rejecting response style, but was not associated with extreme affirming response style, suggesting that individualism accounted for the asymmetric cultural variation in extreme rejecting versus affirming response styles.

A Cross-cultural Contrastive Analysis of Views on Friendship in Chinese and English Proverbs

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Wenjun Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Power Distance ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Chinese And English

By applying a contrastive analysis, this paper aims at presenting the differences of the views on friendship between China and Americans reflected in proverbs about friendship and friends under the guidance of Cultural Dimensions Theory. Differences are found in the acceptance of the hierarchy in human relations, expectations of loyalty and long-term commitments from friends, and inclination of independence. Power distance dimension, individualism versus collectivism dimension and long-term versus short-term orientation dimension are exploited to account for the differences.

Origins of values differences: A multi-level test of economic, climatic and parasite stress explanations in the value domain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
The Individual

What variables explain cross-cultural differences in values? In this study, plausible origins of cultural differences in self-rated values are investigated in two independent samples with multi-level modeling to test the robustness and replicability of effects. Differences in wealth and the interaction between wealth by climate showed strongest correlations with value ratings in nationally representative data (Ns = 71,916 & 74,042). The effects of wealth on openness values were convergent across levels (higher wealth is associated with more openness values), but operated in opposing directions for self-transcendence values (national wealth is associated with self-transcendent values, individual wealth is associated with self-enhancing values). Extending climate-economic theory of culture to the individual level, higher education as a cognitive resource of individuals buffered climatic demands in relation to openness to change values. Therefore, education may act as an important individual level that can explain and unpackage previously reported nation-level results. Parasite stress at the national level did not significantly predict values, after controlling for other variables.

scholarly journals Behavioural plasticity of social trematodes depends upon social context

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20121027 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kamiya ◽  
R. Poulin
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Behavioural Plasticity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Additional Production ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Trematode Parasites

Members of some social insects adjust their behaviours depending upon social context. Such plasticity allows colonies to sustain efficiency of the whole without the cost of additional production of individuals or delayed responses to perturbations. Using the recently discovered social clonal stage of trematode parasites, we investigated whether members of the reproductive caste adjust their defensive behaviour according to the local availability of non-reproductive defensive specialists, and if so whether the plasticity affects the short-term reproductive success of reproductive morphs. In vitro experiments demonstrated plasticity in competitive interactions of the reproductive morphs depending on the number of non-reproductive defensive specialists present nearby, which lead to differences in reproductive output at the individual level. This study provides support for the benefit of maintaining non-reproductive morphs in competitive situations, arising through socially mediated behavioural plasticity.

scholarly journals A pragmatic approach to the analysis of marketing adaptation to Russian national culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
A. N. Tikhomirova
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Strategy Adaptation ◽  
Fast Moving Consumer Goods ◽  
The Individual

There are a great number of transnational corporations operating all over the world. All of them are facing the issue of national culture, and cross-cultural difference is of vital importance. Choosing appropriate marketing strategy assures success or failure on the international market. The concept of culture is very dynamic and requires constant observation. The tasks marketing managers started to deal with became more complex, requiring cultural sensitivity and ability to overcome cross-cultural differences.The research, presented in this paper, attempts to analyze whether national culture affects marketing strategy of international companies. The framework of cultural dimensions developed by Hofstede was taken as a basis for the analysis of Russian national culture. The author resorts to the quantitative approach based on the conducted survey and analyzes data collected in the Russian Federation. At first cultural values were used to identify Russia. Cultural values were measured at the individual level and compared to the previous findings on Russian culture. Analysis of differences in cultural values on the individual level among Russian population has shown that there is some kind of difference between previous findings related to Russia and findings obtained during the research. The level of adaptation was evaluated from the consumers’ point of view. Questionnaire was designed based on the analyzed literature, and obtained data was statistically analyzed with SPSS. Linear regression and correlation analysis were used to prove the hypotheses of the research work. Though Russian national culture was depicted as unique with a great number of peculiarities, in the industries, analyzed in this paper, the connection between marketing strategy adaptation and uncertainty avoidance, and marketing strategy adaptation and dimension of collectivism for fast moving consumer goods was proved statistically.The second stage of the research included the analysis of the empirical evidence of the cultural adaptation of the advertisement of fast moving consumer goods for the Russian consumer. A number of samples were analyzed, and two cases are presented in the paper. The pragmatic approach was used for the analysis of the empirical data.The results of the study add to the theoretical knowledge about the relationship between cultural dimensions in Russia and marketing strategies employed by transnational companies. They also contribute to the knowledge about Russian consumers’ behavior patterns. The framework can be potentially applied to other spheres of professional business in Russia.

The entrepreneurial advantages of experiencing foreignness: leveraging shocks for capability clusters

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Pidduck
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cultural Experiences ◽  
Intercultural Interactions ◽  
The Individual

Purpose Drawing on the “shocks to the system” concept in image theory, a mid-range theoretical model is developed to illuminate understanding on why cross-cultural experience is so conducive to stimulating entrepreneurship yet has remained largely unexplained at the individual level.Design/methodology/approach The novel idea is put forth that experience of foreignness, in itself, can be harnessed as a powerful cognitive resource for entrepreneurship – particularly the nascent stages of new venture development. Providing cross-cultural exposures arouse “self-image shocks”, they manifest over time as skill clusters that reflect the sensing, seizing and transforming capabilities at the heart of entrepreneurship. This paper's pivot helps delineate a common mechanism to explain how a diverse range of seemingly disparate cross-cultural experiences can be processed in a way that enhances entrepreneurial pursuits.Findings The insights of this paper reinforce the need for educators and policymakers to encourage and provide opportunities for aspiring entrepreneurs to engage in cross-cultural and overseas exposures as they are influential for stimulating each of the core sets of entrepreneurial capabilities. The model and synthesis table also help to practically unpack how to design and plan such cultural experiences to optimize the enduring entrepreneurial advantages.Originality/value The author turns a long-standing assumption surrounding cultural differences in entrepreneurship on its head. The shocks and tensions arising from intercultural interactions are not always inevitable liabilities to be “managed away” or attenuated. Rather, cross-cultural experience can be explicitly leveraged as an asset for nascent venturing as the juxtapositions they evoke provide both proximal and distal enhancements to ways in which entrepreneurs think and develop skills at the core of venturing.

Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Self-Concept of Russians and Indigenous Peoples of Yakutia

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
N.D. Eliseeva ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Contact Points ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cross Cultural Analysis

The article presents the results of a cross-cultural Self-concept study of the peoples living in Yakutia. The research is carried out in line with the social psychology of the individual. The author is interested in the self-perception of the individual in terms of cultural and ethnic diversity. The study was conducted in a multi-ethnic region - the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The article presents the results of cross-cultural analysis of Russian and indigenous peoples of Yakutia. The hypothesis is tested that the common history and living conditions determine the formation of common contact points at the personal level. Here the author perceives the personality from the point of view of L. S. Vygotsky's cultural-historical approach, according to which the personality is a product of cultural-historical development. The study sample consists of 697 people from 12 to 79 years (479 women and 218 men). Of these, 111 are Russians, and 586 are representatives of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia. The method of research is the "Who Am I?" method of M. Kuhn and T. MсPartland. Taking into account the specifics of the research object, the author added two categories of Self-concept, such as racial identity and identity with the natural world. The results of the study were processed using statistical Mann-Whitney criteria, student t-criteria, content analysis, and ranking. The study was conducted throughout Yakutia. The instructions were presented in Russian and Yakut. The study revealed that the Self concept of the Russian and indigenous peoples of Yakutia have both common and different features. Common characteristics are a high level of reflec-tion, statistically significant similarity of important Self concept characteristics: reflexive Self, emotional Self, communicative Self, and the lack of regional identity in both groups. The common most frequently mentioned characteristics are the following: hardworking, kind, smart, cheerful, purposeful, hardy, and sociable. The distinctive features of Self concept reflect the uniqueness of the national character of the compared peoples. For Russians, this is largesse and sincerity. For indigenous peoples, honesty, pitying, and modesty are used for psycholinguistic analysis of the meaning of words. Honesty is also perceived as straightfor-wardness, modesty as a manifestation of emotions and actions of a person in moderation. It was also revealed that the family identity of indigenous peoples is more significant in the Self concept than in Russians. The conclusion is made about the importance of having both common and unique features for multi ethnic Russia.

Developing a Research Method to Analyze Visual Literacy Based on Cross-Cultural Characteristics

2022 ◽  
pp. 335-350
Author(s):  
Felicidad García-Sánchez ◽  
José Gómez-Isla ◽  
Roberto Therón ◽  
Juan Cruz-Benito ◽  
José Carlos Sánchez-Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Visual Literacy ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Literacy Research

This chapter presents a new approach of a quantitative analysis used to research the understanding of visual literacy issues. The objective of the research is to find common patterns, opinions, and behaviors between different people regarding the use of visual communication and people's state of visual literacy, while also considering the possible cultural differences related. To explain visual literacy and its implications, the theoretical background about the visual literacy research field is presented first. Then, also within the section on background, the chapter presents the main concepts related to culture, and how it and visual literacy can be analyzed together to enable cross-cultural analysis. To conduct these cross-cultural analyses, this chapter proposes a new kind of quantitative questionnaire-based instrument that includes a section to measure the cultural characteristics of the individual and their level of literacy. This instrument proposal is the main result, since the research field of visual literacy lacks this kind of quantitative approach.

Intraindividual Variability in Lifespan Developmental Methodology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Cerino ◽  
Karen Hooker
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Change ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Intraindividual Variability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Temporal Frame ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Developmental Domains ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health And Well Being

Intraindividual variability (IIV) refers to short-term fluctuations that may be more rapid, and are often conceptualized as more reversible, than developmental change that unfolds over a longer period of time, such as years. As a feature of longitudinal data collected on micro timescales (i.e., seconds, minutes, days, or weeks), IIV can describe people, contexts, or general processes characterizing human development. In contrast to approaches that pool information across individuals and assess interindividual variability in a population (i.e., between-person variability), IIV is the focus of person-centered studies addressing how and when individuals change over time (i.e., within-person variability). Developmental psychologists interested in change and how and when it occurs, have devised research methods designed to examine intraindividual change (IIC) and interindividual differences in IIC. Dispersion, variability, inconsistency, time-structured IIV, and net IIV are distinct operationalizations of IIV that, depending on the number of measures, occasions, and time of measurement, reflect unique information about IIV in lifespan developmental domains of interest. Microlongitudinal and measurement-burst designs are two methodological approaches with intensive repeated measurement that provide a means by which various operationalizations of IIV can be accurately observed over an appropriate temporal frame to garner clearer understanding of the dynamic phenomenon under investigation. When methodological approaches are theoretically informed and the temporal frame and number of assessments align with the dynamic lifespan developmental phenomenon of interest, researchers gain greater precision in their observations of within-person variability and the extent to which these meaningful short-term fluctuations influence important domains of health and well-being. With technological advancements fueling enhanced methodologies and analytic approaches, IIV research will continue to be at the vanguard of pioneering designs for elucidating developmental change at the individual level and scaling it up to generalize to populations of interest.

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