scholarly journals A noninvasive approach to understanding adaptation, crop raiding behavior, and the fecal microbiota of the African elephant

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabitha Marie Finch
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
Raiding Behavior

scholarly journals The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants

AMBIO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Montgomery ◽  
Jamie Raupp ◽  
Methodius Mukhwana ◽  
Ashley Greenleaf ◽  
Tutilo Mudumba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asian Elephant ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Raiding Behavior ◽  
Farmer Livelihoods ◽  
Chili Peppers

AbstractBoth African elephants (Loxodonta spp.) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) across their range come into conflict with people because of their crop-raiding behavior, which presents profound impediments to farmer livelihoods. In response, a series of interventions, designed to reduce elephant crop raiding have been applied. Based on an extensive review of elephant crop-raiding studies published over a 31-year period, we identified four primary categories of interventions including: (i) detection efforts; (ii) preemptive measures; (iii) fencing and trenches; and (iv) deterrent techniques. The interventions reported to be most effective involved chili peppers (i.e., fences, spray, and briquettes) and crop guarding coupled with deterrents. The extent to which these interventions can be applied more widely is unclear as only two studies examined efficacy across sites in more than one country. Thus, future inquiry should evaluate the ability of effective interventions, or indeed a combination of interventions, to be applied across the range of elephants to reduce crop raiding at scale.

Factors affecting the crop raiding behavior of wild rhesus macaques in Nepal: Implications for wildlife management

2021 ◽  
Vol 297 ◽  
pp. 113331
Author(s):  
Sabina Koirala ◽  
Paul A. Garber ◽  
Deepakrishna Somasundaram ◽  
Hem Bahadur Katuwal ◽  
Baoping Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Management ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Raiding Behavior

scholarly journals Weaver-Birds’ crop-Raiding Behavior in Buea municipality, Southwest Region, Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melle Ekane Maurice
Keyword(s):  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Rainy Weather ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Raiding Behavior

The entire surface of the earth is visited by the birds in view of their aerial flights and variable habitats in search of suitable breeding and feeding grounds. Flight, intelligence, adaptability and sight are some of the attributes that add to the diversity in the life of birds, consequently there is complexity in their overall behavioral pattern. The key objective of this study was to assess the weaver-bird crop-raiding activity in Buea municipality on different environmental parameters. The study was undertaken for three months, six days in a week, from 7:00am to 6:00pm. Scan observations were made on birds’ activity on a five-minute interval period across the entire study area. Simultaneously, data was collected on the environmental conditions. The study recorded a significant association between weaver-bird activity on crop-land, X2 = 11.653 df=14, P < 0.005 and X2 = 3.441 df=4, P<0.05 respectively. There was weaver-bird activity frequency of 51.63%, 45.35%, and 3.02% for Ploceus luteolus, Ploceus cuculatus, and Ploceus melanocephalus respectively. Moreover, a week association between bird activity and weather, X2 = 3.125 df=3, P<0.05 was recorded. The sunny and cloudy weather conditions recorded 53.26%, and 42.09% respectively, while the windy and rainy weather conditions were significantly low (3.26%). An association was recored between atmospheric conditions and weaver-birds’ activity on crops, X2 = 23.249 df=21, P<0.05. In addition, the most destroyed farms were Elaeis guineensis (32.33%), Saccharum officinarum (19.77%), Zea mays (17.44%), and Mangifera indica (15.58%) respectively, and the scale of destruction was very prominent on the foliage used by the birds for nest-building. Maize crops and oil-palms were among the crop species most subjected to destruction by birds. These crops were observed with poor foliage formation and fruits, consequently they withered, and since the local farming population in this municipality predominantly cultivates these crops most, a heavy toll is often taken on the annual farmers’ income.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal association of human-elephant conflict around Parsa National Park, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Kurmi ◽  
Narayan Prasad Koju
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Local People ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
Raiding Behavior ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Local Farmers

This study was carried to evaluate the Spatio-temporal association of human-elephant conflict (HEC) among five different rural municipalities (Nirmalbasti, Jirabhawani, Sakhuwaparsauni, Parsagadhi, and Paterwasugauli) of Parsa District around Parsa National Park in 2019. Primary data was collected by using questionnaire surveys with victims’ family and local people using random sampling method, key informant interviews with Chief Conservation Officer of Parsa National Park, District Forest Officer, ZSL field official, Chairperson of Batika Buffer Zone User Committee, focus group discussion, and field visit to verify the information. Total six people were killed and one person was survived with severe injury by the elephant attacks between 2013 and 2019 in the study area. Crop raiding was perceived as the most serious conflict from the elephants by local people. People around the national park are mostly farmers with a low level of income. They are mostly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Elephants are damaging the crops of the farmers making their livelihood difficult. HEC intensity was highest during the rice harvest season (65%), and at night (83%). Local farmers also reported that the aroma of ripening paddy had an interesting relation with HEC, it was associated with elephants’ crop-raiding behavior. Local farmers did not use any specific traditional mitigation measure but believed that planting unpalatable crops and constructing a solar fence around the national park minimizes HEC and will promote co-existence between people and elephants.

scholarly journals The Influence of Life History Milestones and Association Networks on Crop-Raiding Behavior in Male African Elephants

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. e31382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick I. Chiyo ◽  
Cynthia J. Moss ◽  
Susan C. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Raiding Behavior

scholarly journals Nutritional content explains the attractiveness of cacao to crop raiding Tonkean macaques

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin P. Riley ◽  
Barbara Tolbert ◽  
Wartika R. Farida
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Nutritional Ecology ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Raiding Behavior ◽  
Fruit Samples

Abstract Nutritional ecology has been linked to crop raiding behavior in a number of wildlife taxa. Here our goal is to explore the role nutrition plays in cacao crop raiding by Tonkean macaques Macaca tonkeana in Sulawesi, Indonesia. From June – Sept. 2008 we collected fruit samples from 13 species known to be important Tonkean macaque foods and compared their nutritional value to that of cacao Theobroma cacao, an important cash crop in Sulawesi. Cacao pulp was significantly lower in protein, but lower in dietary fiber, and higher in digestible carbohydrates and energy content compared to forest fruits. These findings, combined with the fact that cacao fruits are spatially concentrated and available throughout the year, likely explain why Tonkean macaques are attracted to this cultivated resource. We use these data along with published feeding ecology data to propose strategies to minimize human-macaque conflict. Namely, we recommend the deliberate protection of Elmerillila tsiampaccca, Ficus spp. and Arenga pinnata, fruit species known to be regularly consumed and of considerable nutritional value. We also identify the A. pinnata palm as a potential buffer resource to curb cacao crop raiding by macaques. Cacao is a hard-to-process food because the pods have a thick outer skin that encases the seeds and pulp. Aren palm fruit, although lower in digestibility, is easier-to-process, higher in protein, and also available year round. In addition, because the palm has considerable cultural and economic significance for local people, the strategy of planting Aren palm in a buffer corridor is likely to garner local community support.

Preliminary results of visual acuity testing in an African elephant

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Shyan ◽  
Jeff Peterson ◽  
Barbara Milankow ◽  
Robert H. I. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Visual Acuity Testing

Self-Administered Home Series Fecal “Minitransplants” for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection on a Rectal Remnant

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Popa ◽  
Mihaela Laszlo ◽  
Lidia Ciobanu ◽  
Elena Ucenic ◽  
Manuela Mihalache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Toxic Megacolon ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Recurrent Infections ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Vaginal Infection ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplant ◽  
Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection

A fecal microbiota transplant has proved to be an extremely effective method for patients with recurrent infections with Clostridium difficile. We present the case of a 65-year-old female patient with multiple Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) relapses on the rectal remnant, post-colectomy for a CDI-related toxic megacolon. The patient also evidenced associated symptomatic Clostridium difficile vaginal infection. She was successfully treated with serial fecal “minitransplants” (self-administered at home) and metronidazole ovules.Abbreviations: GI: gastrointestinal; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; CDI: Clostridium difficile infection; FMT: fecal microbiota transplant.

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