scholarly journals Changing attitudes to secularization processes within the theory of modernization of religion

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-82
Author(s):  
Yuliya Medvedyeva
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
High Level ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Random Part

The article considers the key factors in development of the religious situation in the second half of the twentieth century, which caused a radical change in the attitude to the theory of secularization by sociologists of religion. From the beginning, the theory of secularization was a core part of the general theory of modernization and marked the specifics of modernization`s impact on religious life. However, the inability to explain such phenomena as the sharp rise in religiosity in post-socialist countries, as well as the consistently high level of religiosity in the typically modernist United States, led researchers to abandon the classical theory of secularization. Another reason for the change in the attitude to secularization was the presence of a religious component in numerous political conflicts in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The religious factor in the conflicts was so unusual and decisive that under its influence the theory of “clash of civilizations” by S. Huntington was born at the end of the twentieth century. Even though the general theory of modernization has not disappeared and still remains popular among sociologists of religion, there is no clear reference to the theory of secularization. Secularization is considered either a random part of modernization processes at certain stages, or one of the options for the development of the religious situation along with counter-secularization, or even completely rejected as a false positivist construct that has not been validated with the real state of affairs.

scholarly journals THE POLITICAL, ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS ORIGINS OF THE CRISIS IN THE BALKANS IN THE LAST DECADE OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Rustambekova ◽  
◽  
А.A. Ospanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
The Political ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Political Conflicts

The article discusses the prerequisites for the collapse of the former Yugoslavia, which was the "center" of conflicts at the global level, in particular, the onset of religious, ethnic, political conflicts in the Balkans in the last decade of the twentieth century, chronological and geographical conflicts. Specific characteristics are differentiated. The article also examines the situation in which the socialist states of Eastern Europe gained independence from the collapse of the Soviet government in 1991-1992, in particular, in the economic sphere. The epochal systemic changes that followed the collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia predetermined a radical change in political, social and spiritual orientations and expectations in society. At the same time, the historical consciousness of peoples (like no other sphere of public, including ethnic self-identification) was involved in general transformational processes, reflecting in its development the well-known inconsistency and inconsistency of the socio-political evolution of the former republics in recent decades.

HIGH LEVELS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE MERCANTILIST ERA

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Letiche
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Political Unrest ◽  
Keynes General Theory

This article draws attention to the high levels of unemployment in the mercantilist era, a parallel to conditions in the less developed countries at the present time. Understandably, distinguished economists of the twentieth century, writing before the publication of Keynes’ General Theory, tended to underestimate this problem. Actual causes of the high levels of unemployment are examined, including the fluctuating impacts of merchant entrepreneurs, agricultural revolutions, political unrest, and warfare, as well as nutritional deficiencies, which contributed directly to unemployment.

Buddhist Constitutionalism in Thailand: When Rājadhammā Supersedes the Constitution

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugénie MÉRIEAU
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Functional Equivalent ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Constitutional Thought ◽  
Classical Account

AbstractThis article adds nuance to the classical account depicting Thailand as a secularized country by documenting how Buddhism informs constitutional thought and practices in contemporary Thailand. Throughout the twentieth century, Buddhist discourses have been used to bypass constitutional provisions in the name of ‘dhamma’ through the reliance on the rediscovery of the doctrine of thedhammarāja(the righteous King). In the early twenty-first century, a second rebirth of the discourse of thedhammarājaled to a further devaluation of the constitution as the supreme norm. The principles of a righteous King (totsapitrājadhammā)were reconceptualized as a functional equivalent to constitutionalism – as constraining the King’s power. This article first examines how modern lawyers used Buddhism as the vehicle to import Western constitutional ideas into the Siamese polity while reconstructing them as part of a royal legacy through the doctrine of the Ten Royal Virtues. It then turns to an analysis of the ever-increasing enshrinement of Buddhism in successive Thai constitutions since 1932. It concludes with an account of the politicization of the righteous King doctrine and its impact on constitutional practices.

scholarly journals The North-South Gas Corridor in the Context of Poland’s Gas Transmission System—A Perfect Opportunity to Diversify Gas Resources

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7188
Author(s):  
Wiktor Hebda
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Coal Production ◽  
The North ◽  
System A ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
High Level ◽  
Huge Challenge ◽  
Gas Supply

The energy sector in Poland is currently calling for dynamic redevelopment and cleaner energy. This country is world famous for its high level of coal production, from which it does not want to retreat in the next two decades. For this reason, it is safer to gradually reduce the use of coal while increasing the consumption of gas and simultaneously developing green energy. However, the Polish gas sector is still dependent on Russian gas supplied through the Yamal gas pipeline. Taking into consideration Polish geopolitics, this state of affairs poses a huge challenge and a threat to Poland’s energy security. That is why the concept of the North-South Gas Corridor was introduced. It is intended to be a network of gas pipelines that connect the countries of Central and South Europe to two gas terminals (in Poland and Croatia), which will supply gas from a chosen source. This article presents the current condition of the gas sector in Poland. It focuses on the North-South Gas Corridor project and its impact on the energy security of Poland. An analysis of documents and field research shows that the North-South Gas Corridor provides Poland with an opportunity to diversify the sources and directions of gas supply over the next few years.

scholarly journals Métodos, debates e projetos: as atuações do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro na educação (1900-1930) / Methods, debates and projects: the activities of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute in education (1900-1930)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Thaís De Melo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Construction Of Knowledge ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Educational Field ◽  
Education In Brazil

Este artigo apresenta alguns resultados da trajetória de pesquisa sobre a presença do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB) na Educação . Dentre os aspectos abordados estão as contribuições do instituto para a construção de conhecimentos sobre a História da Educação no Brasil; as relações dos sócios do instituto com instituições de ensino e órgãos administrativos da educação; e os projetos de criação de cursos da Academia de Altos Estudos.  Nesse sentido, propomos considerar o IHGB como um lugar de poder atuante nos conflitos políticos relativos ao campo educacional e como instância produtora de políticas e projetos educacionais no início do século XX. Como fontes para essas questões foram utilizadas publicações e atas da Revista do IHGB, bem como documentos de arquivos de instituições relacionadas e periódicos existentes durante o recorte.* * *This article presents some results of the research trajectory on the teaching of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute (IHGB) in education. Among the addressed projects are the Institute's contributions to the construction of knowledge about the history of education in Brazil; the relations of the members of the Institute with educational institutions and administrative organs of education and the projects of creation of courses and the Academy of High Studies. In this sense, we propose to consider the IHGB as a place of power that is active in political conflicts related to the educational field, and as a producer of policies and educational projects in the early twentieth century. As sources for these issues, publications and minutes of the IHGB Review were used as well as archives of related and periodical institutions existing during the period. 

scholarly journals Status gazety „Politika” w Jugosławii Karađorđeviciów (1918–1941)

2014 ◽  
pp. 106-124
Author(s):  
Konrad Sebastian Morawski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
First Century ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Status ◽  
Twenty First Century

Status of the newspaper “Politika” in Karađorđevićs’ Yugoslavia (1918-1941)The newspaper Politika was founded on 25 January 1904 by Vladislav F. Ribnikar. Since that time the Serbian Press market has begun to develop, and the Politika permanently has taken the important role up to this day. The newspaper witnessed important events in the Balkans in the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century but at the same time it was also under strong influence of Serbian centers of political authority. One example of such an influence was the status of the Politika in the period during the reign of Karađorđević dynasty in Yugoslavia, in 1918-1941. The newspaper then served a propaganda function for the royal court, particularly in 1929-1934. Then king Aleksander ruled in an authoritarian way and Politika played an important part in the country. The mechanism of functioning of the newspaper in the period of the royal authoritarianism, as well as in the remaining years of the interwar Yugoslavia was thus discussed in the article to help clarify the status of Politika under the rule of Karađorđevićs. Status gazety „Politika” w Jugosławii Karađorđeviciów (1918–1941)Gazeta pod nazwą „Politika” została założona 25 stycznia 1904 roku przez Vladislava F. Ribnikara. Od tego czasu zaczął kształtować się serbski rynek prasowy, w którym „Politika” trwale zajmuje istotne miejsce do dzisiejszego dnia. Gazeta była świadkiem ważnych i doniosłych wydarzeń na Bałkanach w XX wieku i na początku XXI wieku, ale zarazem znajdowała się również w strefie ścisłych wpływów politycznych serbskich ośrodków władzy. Jednym z przykładów takiego wpływu był status „Politiki” w okresie panowania dynastii Karađorđeviciów w Jugosławii w latach 1918–1941. Gazeta pełniła wtedy funkcję propagandową dworu królewskiego, co dało się szczególnie zauważyć w latach 1929–1934. Wtedy bowiem król Aleksander I sprawował autorytarne rządy w państwie, których ważną częścią stała się „Politika”. Mechanizm funkcjonowania gazety zarówno w okresie autorytaryzmu królewskiego, jak i w pozostałych latach międzywojennej Jugosławii został więc poddany omówieniu, które umożliwiło wyjaśnienie statusu „Politiki” pod panowaniem Karađorđeviciów.

scholarly journals Ideological and political conflicts about popular music in Serbia

2004 ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misa Djurkovic
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Specific Field ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Musical Heritage

The paper is focused on ideological and political conflicts about popular music in Serbia, as a good example of wrong and confused searching for identity. Basic conflict that author is analyzing is about oriental elements (such as asymmetric rhythmic patterns and melismatic singing) and the question if they are legitimate parts of Serbian musical heritage or not. Author is making an analysis of three periods in twentieth century, in which absolutely the same arguments were used, and he's paying special attention to contemporary conflicts, trying to explain why all of the theories are ideologically based. Author is insisting on role market played in development and modernization of popular music in Serbia. The article is ending with some recommendations for better understanding of cultural identity in Serbia, and for recognizing popular music as specific field of interest and research.

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