scholarly journals The will and the need for interpretation of Thomas Aquinas

2013 ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Natalia Kovtun

Fundamental social changes in any society are impossible without the formation of a high level of social activity of the individual in particular and society as a whole. In the context of this important role plays the study of the correlation of will and need as an important precondition of social activity. Actually, it is the will as a creative impulse to action not only the basis of awareness of needs, but also the ascending position of the daily choice of man. On the basis of awareness and focus on the choice of the direction of activity in the individual and public consciousness formed a holistic image of the purpose of the practical transformation of the world of nature and the world of culture. In the act of will, the subject legitimizes and authorizes the subjective desire, which is constituted in this process as objectively directed meta activity.

Author(s):  
L. Lyuta

The article analyses the essence of the concept of "interest". It is analysed the way new social shifts and changes provoke new organizational forms. It is illustrated that merging into new organizational forms is happening on a new basis. Most often, interest appears in scientific research as emotion, intention, concernment, desire, and activity stimulus. In Soviet psychological science, the concept of interest was identified with the concept of cognitive need. Such needs are distinguished as saturated and unsaturated. This characteristic most clearly illustrates the difference between need and interest. Interest has an unsaturated basis; it is not aimed at producing a specific result. Interest can remain the same during the life, or the realization of one interest turns to the realization of the next one. Interests can transform over time, but it is not a transformation of interest itself – it is the transformation of the Self-Concept of the individual. It is presented that interest is always conscious and rational in its essence. The emergence of interest is irrational, it always appears spontaneously. It has been researched that interest is always the result of activity. Interest opens the field of possibilities in the implementation of ideas. Social changesare different in nature. If they bring a new idea, then such an idea corresponds tothe interests, not to the needs. If social changesare dictated by unmet basic needs, then we have a social uprising (revolution).There is no social activity without interest. The space where interests prevail is the space of social change. Supporting "otherness" in social terms gives impetus to development and social shifts. The emergence of scientific and creative communities illustrates how the transition from need to interest changes the world around us.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Nabochuk ◽  
◽  
Ernest Ivashkevych ◽  

The article shows that professional creative activity is a kind of dialectic of objective and subjective content, which is realized self-development of the essence of the subject in relations with other people, products and relationships which determine professional creativity of the person. It was proved that multi-vector professional activity of managers of educational institutions was one of the most important system in relations of a man – the world. This multi-vector professional activity has the aim to distinguish self-regulation of the behavior of the specialist in the world; to direct the organization of a comprehensive way of mental adaptation to the surrounding reality as a special type of ordering the inner spiritual life of a man, his/her mental activity and professional creativity as some positive prerequisites for the organization of the spiritual life of our society. We actualized the importance of multi-vector professional activity for the person, which could be defined as a “prospective symbol of a harmonious personal structure”, through which the specialist professionally carried out cultural and multi-cultural synthesis of professional systems, individual objects and characteristics. Based on them, in general, we can conclude that the specifics of multi-vector activities (provided the implementation of its social or semantic components) contains in its structure considerable opportunities for the relationships and formation of social intelligence and qualities of divergent thinking of the subject. We formulated such psychological factors that determine the ability of the leader to professional creativity: - professional training of managers of higher educational institutions, due to the formation of personally and professionally significant experience, the formation of their creative abilities and possibilities of the individual; at the same time these creative abilities and possibilities will be directed on the achievement of valuable, axiologically significant results not only in a professional paradigm, but also in all spheres of vital activity of the person; - a high level of the development of general and social intelligence of the manager, which involves the implementation of creative actions by the individual at the level of meta-intellectual activity, which is where the true creative activity takes place, which leads to the explication of the creative achievements of the person. Thanks to this, the fourth level of the intelligence is in that fact that a person is able to establish interactions not only with various objects and other people, but also with the world as a whole, and thus is expanding the boundaries of his/her intellect and it begins a dialogue with a creative beginning of the world; - a low level of personal anxiety, which, in turn, will contribute to the formation of axiological creative potential of the individual as a frame, which is a precautionary factor of value disorientation of the leader, leveling his/her creative, viable changes in values, which, in turn, can lead to moral nihilism, professional burnout or to a state of professional degradation of the person; - the actualization of components of divergent thinking of the person which are formed in a case of managers of educational institutions with a high level of professional creativity, such as: the productivity of administrative activity, a high level of the formation of homospatial thinking, the ability to solve creative problems (mental tasks), a great speed of thinking, the ability to form a planetary thinking, flexibility of thinking, originality of thinking, the development of thinking, radial thinking, the formation of lateral thinking.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Warren Swain

Intoxication as a ground to set aside a contract is not something that has proved to be easy for the law to regulate. This is perhaps not very surprising. Intoxication is a temporary condition of varying degrees of magnitude. Its presence does however raise questions of contractual autonomy and individual responsibility. Alcohol consumption is a common social activity and perceptions of intoxication and especially alcoholism have changed over time. Roman law is surprisingly quiet on the subject. In modern times the rules about intoxicated contracting in Scottish and English law is very similar. Rather more interestingly the law in these two jurisdictions has reached the current position in slightly different ways. This history can be traced through English Equity, the works of the Scottish Institutional writers, the rise of the Will Theory, and all leavened with a dose of judicial pragmatism.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1(21)) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
David Bidzinashvili

The new Corona-virus and the contagious disease which it causes, the so called COVID 19, put forward the serious challenges for many countries all over the world and for Georgia among them. Almost the whole world is facing very serious obstacles on the international and national levels. Too many problems emerged in the world countries. To resist against the new disease has become the main priority for each country. The global processes caused by the pandemics have influenced the audit service as well. The uncertainty and unpredictability caused the new risks of deficiencies and activated already existed ones in the new environment. The situation became more complicated due to the fact that it can happen that the auditors do not consider the mentioned risks in the process of planning for audits or the risks may be considered mistakenly. The firms and other economical institutions in which the audit is carried out are obliged to adopt the new rules and changing environments in which their businesses function; they should change the rules of fulfilling the operation, preparing the financial accounts, the processes of their representing the information processes, safety of information shown in the financial accounts, the rules of their preparing; they also evaluate the possibilities of keeping on their activities in the nearest future. The qualified performing of the audit implies the basical elemenst which helps to create such environment where the possibility of the high level audit will be at the maximum. Implementing the quality control implies that such system will include two stages; each of them is directed towards providing the audit processes according the international standards There are several types of the quality improvement system. In all of them the main variable value represents the amount of costs for the proper system. All countries choose the system which provides benefits taking the costs into consideration. There are four main stages in the process of implementation the system which will ensure the high quality audit. Here are four main stages shown in the process of implementation:  The first stage: to carry out diagnostic observation;  The second stage: stating the view;  The third sage: working out the system;  The fourth stage: implementation of the system. The firms and other economical institutions where the audit is carried out are obliged to be reliable with their activities in the changing situation in which their businesses function. The subjects change the rules of carrying out the usual operations, change the open information given in the financial accounts, and estimate the possibilities of maintaining the existing possibilities for the nearest future. It is important to revise some standards out of Audit International Standards and to make them fit for revealing and assessing the risks of essential mistakes and discrepencies. The controlled variation of the standard regulates such issues as the newly corrected risks caused by influences of COVID-19 pandemic on the planned approaches to the audit and also, evaluation of the risks already defined and making changes in them taking into consideration the influence of the errors in the risk evaluations and influence made upon the planned evaluations and audits the changes of which will influence the evaluations of the risks in the inner control of the subject on the previously made imagination of the control environment, in order to define the measures to be taken in order to change the reactions to the mistakes using different measures in order to reach the trustful mechanisms to rely on. International standards of audit– answering to the assessed risks, the checked variation of the standard implies that it maybecome necessary to change the measures of reaction to the changes in the circumstances in order to obtain enough reliable measures and activities to control the situation by means of enough auditory evidences. The auditor has responsibilities to take into consideration that largening the deadlines will cause growth of the period and the risks of the dates of events which will happen in the time interval between accountability date and the date of the conclusion made by audit, the audit is also responsible for any event taking place later in relation to the Covid-19 situation. He is responsible also for evaluation of the fact about financial information. The enterprise functioning within nowadays complex environment taking into consideration the situation of COVID 19, should consider such priority issues as the uncertainty accompanying the Covid situation, related covenants, and others which accompany the pandemic period, among them the region, the financial state of customers and dealers, liquidating and paying capacity. During the process of the risk assessments it should considered that Covid 19 pandemic greatly influenced the global economics and the separate branches such as hotels business, retail sail, tourism and others. As a result of pandemic, it is possible that the number of audit considerations and thee circumstances can modify them which can be conditioned by different circumstances and the audit will state if there are incorrectable improper conditioned due to the circumstances. The audit will make it certain there are unimprovable mistakes which apart and together are essential for the financial accountability and the auditor will conclude that they cannot acquire the proper conditioned which apart or together could be essential financial accounts or the audit will conclude that they are not able to the essential accountability. Important researches were led to assess the appeared situation and it was concluded that the COVID 19 pandemic had influenced the financial situation which showed that the specific actions and procedures became complicated.


Author(s):  
George I. Mavrodes

Predestination appears to be a religious or theological version of universal determinism, a version in which the final determining factor is the will or action of God. It is most often associated with the theological tradition of Calvinism, although some theologians outside the Calvinist tradition, or prior to it (for example, Augustine and Thomas Aquinas), profess similar doctrines. The idea of predestination also plays a role in some religions other than Christianity, perhaps most notably in Islam. Sometimes the idea of predestination is formulated in a comparatively restricted way, being applied only to the manner in which the divine grace of salvation is said to be extended to some human beings and not to others. John Calvin, for example, writes: We call predestination God’s eternal decree, by which he compacted with himself what he willed to become of each man. For all are not created in equal condition; rather, eternal life is foreordained for some, eternal damnation for others. Therefore, as any man has been created to one or the other of these ends, we speak of him as predestined to life or to death. (Institutes, bk 3, ch. 21, sec. 5) At other times, however, the idea is applied more generally to the whole course of events in the world; whatever happens in the world is determined by the will of God. Philosophically, the most interesting aspects of the doctrine are not essentially linked with salvation. For instance, if God is the first cause of all that happens, how can people be said to have free will? One answer may be that people are free in so far as they act in accordance with their own motives and desires, even if these are determined by God. Another problem is that the doctrine seems to make God ultimately responsible for sin. A possible response here is to distinguish between actively causing something and passively allowing it to happen, and to say that God merely allows people to sin; it is then human agents who actively choose to sin and God is therefore not responsible.


Author(s):  
Sten Ebbesen

‘Averroism’, ‘radical Aristotelianism’ and ‘heterodox Aristotelianism’ are nineteenth- and twentieth-century labels for a late thirteenth-century movement among Parisian philosophers whose views were not easily reconcilable with Christian doctrine. The three most important points of difference were the individual immortality of human intellectual souls, the attainability of happiness in this life and the eternity of the world. An ‘Averroist’ or ‘Radical Aristotelian’ would hold that philosophy leads to the conclusions that there is only one intellect shared by all humans, that happiness is attainable in earthly life and that the world has no temporal beginning or end. Averroists have generally been credited with a ‘theory of double truth’, according to which there is an irreconcilable clash between truths of faith and truths arrived at by means of reason. Averroism has often been assigned the role of a dangerous line of thought, against which Thomas Aquinas opposed his synthesis of faith and reason. The term ‘Averroism’ is also used more broadly to characterize Western thought from the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries which was influenced by Averroes, and/or some philosophers’ self-proclaimed allegiance to Averroes.


2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S723-S723
Author(s):  
S. Färber ◽  
M. Färber

IntroductionPsychiatric disorders may become more severe when the subject is exposed to a hostile environment. Symptoms of mental malaise are expressed by the senses, including speech and language.MethodsThe method is used of semiotic analysis and thanatological movie.ObjectiveTo investigate the limit and death as a trigger of a singular mode of use of the spoken language. The problem presented in this paper is the linguistic system created by Nell.ResultsPartial results show that spoken language in this particular cut, becomes an instrument for dealing with the losses accumulated throughout his life. The life of isolation, restrictions on maternal vocalization, her mother's death and mourning acted as an inhibitor of language.ConclusionThe spoken language works like kaleidoscope of interactions of the individual with their group, with the medium in which it is inserted, with the set of beliefs that nourishes and with the world that she wants there, even if only in your intimate venue. Thus, demonstrating the sociolinguistic approach inalienable role in speech performance.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.


Author(s):  
Татьяна Черкашина ◽  
Tatiana Cherkashina ◽  
Н. Новикова ◽  
N. Novikova ◽  
О. Трубина ◽  
...  

The article considers the conceptualization of the world from the point of view of its methodological paradigm assessment in the context of the globalizing world. A retrospective analysis of the relationship between language and human speech activity is given. The authors explain the role of language as a socio-cultural phenomenon in the formation of worldview systems that develop in the consciousness with the help of minimal units of human experience in their ideal meaningful representation in special concepts, which allows the individual to think within the boundaries of a certain linguistic picture of the world. Analyzes the problems of the functioning of communicative norms with regard to the hierarchy of the spiritual representations of the world. The article attempts to consider the impact of the “blurring” of the information boundaries of the globalizing world on the cognitive abilities of the individual in the nomination, qualification of the subject, phenomenon, process.


1987 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Leslie White

In letters to Mrs. Ernest Benzon and Mrs. Thomas FitzGerald, Browning claims affinity with the great philosopher of the Will, Schopenhauer, and asserts that elements of vitalism are the “substratum” of his life and work. These letters confirm the poet's place in the line of vitalist thought shaped by Schopenhauer, the English Romantics, and Carlyle and further developed by Nietzsche, George Bernard Shaw, Henri Bergson, and D. H. Lawrence. Vitalism resists precise definition; each theorist advances a singular terminology and application. Schopenhauer's vitalism may be understood from his concept of cosmic Will; Carlyle's from the essential presence of energy, movement, and change in the world. Bergson used the term élan vital and Lawrence such characteristically vague phrases as “sense of truth” and “supreme impulse” to express faith in forces operating beneath or hovering above the surface of life. Broadly put, when a rational orientation to the world ceased to be adequate, when rationalism devolved into a falsification of reality's authentic energy, major vitalists came into existence and posited as the true reality a primitive, universal force of which everything in that reality is an objectification. Unlike other vitalists in the English tradition, such as Blake and Lawrence, Browning was not comfortable with cosmic images. His vitalism breaks from the main line to focus on the individual human will, which he saw as an intuitive impulse and as a means to realize the self and locate its place in the world. For Browning, the comprehension of life's vital movement lay in the dynamic energy of willed action.


Author(s):  
Maria Dulce Loução

O mundo hoje, tal como refere Leach, é “uma cultura da cópia”. O mundo tornou-se infinitamente policopiado, onde a imagem, hiper real, se converte em simulacro e, pela sua própria natureza, destituída da própria realidade que se propõe reflectir. Hoje, o mundo de uma certa arquitectura, é o mundo da Imagem, que conduz a um deficiente reconhecimento do espaço construído, sem conteúdo social, sem toque na realidade tangível. È deste distanciamento da Disciplina da Arquitectura que resultam imagens sedutoras, consumíveis e sem discurso, onde a produção arquitectónica se reduz a manipulações filosóficas que legitimam a forma sem conteúdo. A sedução é sempre superficial. O acto de projectar enquanto antevisão de um futuro pressupõe a existência de uma Ideia gerada a partir da invenção, imaginada. Assim, o projectar, o inventar por imagens é a própria essência da arquitectura. Embora baseado na experiência individual, intuitiva e intangível, o ensino da arquitectura sustenta-se em “factos convencionais” como diz Moneo, transcendidos em valor social que lhe confere o sentido, revestindo, assim, a aprendizagem da arquitectura de uma dimensão de transcendência. A arquitectura é, assim, e por via do social e do artístico, fenómeno cultural, e o arquitecto um produtor de cultura inserido num contexto convencional, no qual a arquitectura ganha sentido.  The world today, as said by Leach, is “a culture of copy”. The world has become infinitely multi-copied, where the image, hipper real, is converted in simulation and, by its own nature, dismissed from reality itself on which a reflection is proposed. Today, the world of a certain architecture, is a world of Image, which leads to a deficit when recognizing the constructed space, without social content, without touching the tangible reality. It is through the detachment from the Subject of Architecture that seductive images result, consumable and without speech, where the architectural production is reduced to philosophical manipulations that validate form, without content. Seduction is always superficial. The act of designing as a preview of a future, assumes the existence of an Idea generated from the imagined invention. Therefore, designing and inventing through images is the exact essence of architecture. Although it is based on the individual experience, intuitive and intangible, the teaching of architecture is sustained by “conventional facts” like it was said by Moneo, transcended in social value that gives it meaning, thus filling the learning of architecture with a transcendent dimension. Architecture is then, by a social and artistic way, a cultural phenomenon, and the architect, a producer of culture, inserted on a conventional context, in which architecture acquires meaning.


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