scholarly journals Varicella complications in children one-site Polish population – a 19- year long survey

2019 ◽  
pp. 459-467
Author(s):  
Beata Smok ◽  
Justyna Franczak ◽  
Krzysztof Domagalski ◽  
Małgorzata Pawłowska
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Skin Infections ◽  
Length Of Hospitalization

OBJECTIVES. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of chickenpox complications in children, based on a 19-year long survey. METHODS. This publication constitutes a review of medical records of 761 patients under the age of 18 who were hospitalized at the T. Browicz Provincial Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Bydgoszcz, Poland from the 1st of January 1999 to the 31st of December 2017. RESULTS. Over the study period, 761 children diagnosed with varicella complications were hospitalized. The mean number of hospitalizations in each year amounted to 40. The median age of admitted patients was 4 years. The median length of hospitalization was 5 days (ranged from 1 to 30 days). The most frequent varicella complications included respiratory tract infections – 229/761 (30.1%), bacterial skin infections – 189/761 (24.8%) and gastrointestinal tract disorders – 142/761 (18.6%). Pneumonia, bronchitis and gastrointestinal tract disturbances, were reported most often in children under 2 years of age, while neurological complications occurred most frequently in children at 3-6 years of age. No significant differences in the number of varicella complications between immunocompromised and immunocompetent children were reported. CONCLUSIONS. Varicella complications mainly affect the youngest immunocompetent children. Population-wide vaccination and herd immunity appears to be the best way to reduce the incidence of chickenpox and the rate of varicella complications. This study gives support for inclusion of universal varicella vaccine in the National Immunization Program in Poland.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage for Routine Vaccines and Herd Immunity Levels against Measles and Pertussis in the World in 2019

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans-Rubió
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The World ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Vaccine Action Plan with the objective to promote essential vaccinations in all countries and achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage for all routine vaccines by 2020. The study assessed the mean percentages of vaccination coverage in 2019 for 13 routine vaccines, vaccination coverage variation from 2015 to 2019, and herd immunity levels against measles and pertussis in 2019 in countries and regions of WHO. In 2019, the mean percentages of vaccination coverage were lower than 90% for 10 (78.9%) routine vaccines. The mean percentages of vaccination coverage also decreased from 2015 to 2019 for six (46.2%) routine vaccines. The prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced measles immunity in the target measles vaccination population was 88.1%, and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced pertussis immunity in the target pertussis vaccination population was 81.1%. Herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro = 18 was established in 63 (32.5%) countries but not established in any region. Herd immunity against pertussis agents was not established in any country and in any region of WHO. National immunization programs must be improved to achieve ≥90% vaccination coverage in all countries and regions. Likewise, it is necessary to achieve ≥95% vaccination coverage with two doses of measles vaccines and three doses of pertussis vaccines in all countries and regions.

scholarly journals Antibacterial effect of Chromolaena odorata (Awolowo Leaf) aqueous leaf extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced gastrointestinal tract infection in adult Wistar rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 055-064
Author(s):  
Wisdom Nzubechukwu Obiefu ◽  
Nnaemeka Jireh Okolie ◽  
Chizaram Winners Ndubueze ◽  
Joy Nkeiruka Dike-Ndudim
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tract Infections

The effect of Chromolaena odorata aqueous leaf extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced gastrointestinal tract infection in adult rats was studied using thirty six (36) adult wistar rats, whose weights range from 72-100g. The rats were allowed to acclimatize for two weeks and checked for fitness through weight check and urinalysis. Twelve rats were used for toxicological study (LD50) while 24 rats were used to determine the antibacterial effects of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract. The 12 rats for LD50 were divided into three groups of four rats each while the other 24 rats were divided into four groups of six rats each. The antibacterial effect of Chromolaena odorata extract was significantly high in group Q after treatment (4.5±2.12 Cfu/ml) when compared with the mean value before treatment (20.0±4.24 Cfu/ml). The antibiotic effect of ciprofloxacin was higher in group R rats after treatment (0.00±0.00 Cfu/ml) when compared with the mean value before treatment (24.0±1.41 Cfu/ml). But in group S, the mean value of count after treatment was significantly higher (26.5±13.44 Cfu/ml) when compared with the mean value before treatment (14.5±4.95 Cfu/ml) and this is because this group was not treated with either leave extract or antibiotics. Conclusively, the leave extract of Chromolaena odorata could be adopted as an alternative treatment against gastrointestinal tract infections especially those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Urinary Excretion and Bactericidal Activities of a Single Oral Dose of 400 Milligrams of Fleroxacin versus a Single Oral Dose of 800 Milligrams of Pefloxacin in Healthy Volunteers

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1659-1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt G. Naber ◽  
Ursula Theuretzbacher ◽  
Martina Kinzig ◽  
Orlin Savov ◽  
Fritz Sörgel
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bactericidal Activities ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

ABSTRACT Twelve healthy volunteers participated in this randomized crossover study to compare the concentrations and recovery levels of fleroxacin and pefloxacin in urine and to assess their bactericidal activities against 12 strains of urinary pathogens with different susceptibilities over a wide range of MICs. The volunteers received a single oral dose of 400 mg of fleroxacin or 800 mg of pefloxacin. The mean cumulative renal excretion of unchanged fleroxacin,N-demethyl-fleroxacin, and N-oxide-fleroxacin accounted for 67, 7, and 6% of the total dose, respectively. The total urinary recovery of pefloxacin and the active metabolite norfloxacin was 34%. In the time-kill and the urinary bactericidal titer (UBT) studies, only the subjects’ urine not supplemented with broth was used. With most tested organisms and both quinolones it took more than 8 h to achieve a reduction in CFU of 99.9% (3 log units). Overall, there was a good correlation between UBTs and MICs for the strains. Against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 the median UBTs were similar for both antibiotics and at least 1:8 for 96 h; against the E. coli strain for which the MIC was 0.5 μg/ml the UBT was at least 1:4 for 48 h. The UBTs of both drugs against Klebsiella pneumoniae were at least 1:16 for 72 h. The UBTs for Staphylococcus aureus (the MIC for which was 16 μg/ml) of both antibiotics were low, and in some of the samples, no bactericidal titers were observed. UBTs for Proteus mirabilis of pefloxacin are significantly higher than those of fleroxacin. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa the median UBTs were present for the 24-to-48-h interval. The same is true forEnterococcus faecalis. Against Staphylococcus saprophyticus, UBTs were present for at least 48 h with both quinolones. Overall, a single oral dose of 400 mg of fleroxacin exhibits UBTs comparable to those of 800 mg of pefloxacin. Therefore, it may be expected that half of the dose of fleroxacin gives comparable results in the treatment of urinary tract infections; this should be substantiated in comparative clinical trials.

Clinical and molecular epidemic characterization of rotavirus infection among children under five years old in Shandong province, China.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shixiao Dong ◽  
Deyu Huang ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Guanyou Zhang ◽  
Fengjuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Abstract Rotavirus was the an important causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in children. In China, rotavirus was positive in approximately 30% of the diarrhea children and become a serious public problem. This study was carried out to investigate the clinical and molecular epidemic characterization of rotavirus infection among children under 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Shandong province, China. From July 2017 to June 2018, a total of 1211 fecal specimens were detected and the prevalence of rotavirus infection was 32.12%. The mean age of positive children was 12.2 ± 10.9 months and the highest infection rate was observed in children aged 7–12 months with a rate of 41.64%. G9P[8] (76.61%) was the most prevalent combinations followed by G2P[4] (7.20%), G3P[8] (3.60%) and G9P[4] (2.06%). In addition to diarrhea, vomiting, fever and dehydration were the most common accompanied symptoms. In general, there was no significant difference in clinical manifestations among different age groups. However, the clinical manifestations between vaccinated and unvaccinated children were significantly different. Vaccinated children showed lower incidence and frequency of vomiting, lower incidence and degree of dehydration, lower incidence of severe cases than unvaccinated children. The findings suggested necessary to continue rotavirus strains surveillance in order to monitor the change of prevalent genotype. Moreover, introducing vaccine into national immunization program to prevent and control rotavirus infections is needed in China.

scholarly journals Antibody level of New Zealand children immunized with the triple vaccine DTP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis)

1988 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. H Lau
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antibody Level ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Immunization Strategy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Antibody Levels

SUMMARYEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were used to measure IgG antibody levels in 2638 New Zealand children who had been immunized with the triple vaccine DTP. The percentage of children immune to diphtheria decreased with age. The percentage of children immune to tetanus varied from 67.1 to 55.0%. The percentage of children with measurable antibody to pertussis increased with age. The mean percentages of children with measurable antibody or immunity to one or more DTP components were 34.2% (with 3 components), 34.4% (2 components), and 78.1% (1 component). It appears the immunization strategy for diphtheria and tetanus is satisfactory for herd immunity in New Zealand children. However, the current pertussis strategy may not be providing adequate immunity to 5-year-olds in this country.

scholarly journals EVALUASI PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM SEKOLAH ADIWIYATA DITINJAU DARI ASPEK KEGIATAN PARTISIPATIF DI SDN UNGARAN I YOGYAKARTA

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Ika Maryani
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
School Program ◽  
Input Process ◽  
Lead Teacher ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Evaluative Research ◽  
School Heads ◽  
Very High

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pelaksanaan program Sekolah Adiwiyata ditinjau dari aspek kegiatan partisipatif dan mengetahui hambatan dalam pelaksanaan program Sekolah Adiwiyata di SDN Ungaran I Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian evaluatif menggunakan metode survey. Subjek penelitian adalah kepala Sekolah, tim adiwiyata, komite, guru, dan siswa. Data diperoleh melalui angket, observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan program sekolah Adiwiyata di SDN Ungaran I Yogyakarta berjalan baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan capaian rerata pada aspek context, input, process, dan product pada penilaian siswa dan guru menunjukkan kriteria sangat tinggi. Hambatan yang muncul antara lain: adanya merger sekolah yang menyebabkan sulitnya manajemen PLH, kurangnya monev terkait kegiatan siswa dan guru dalam PLH, minimnya bahan ajar PLH, kurangnya kesadaran guru untuk melakukan penelitian terkait dengan PLH, serta rotasi guru yang menyebabkan program PLH kurang maksimal.Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the program in terms of aspects Adiwiyata School participatory activities and know the obstacles in the implementation of programs in the School Adiwiyata SDN Unggaran I Yogyakarta. This study is an evaluative research using survey methods. Subjects were school heads, adiwiyata teams, committees, teachers, and students. Data were obtained through questionnaires, observation, documentation, and interviews. The results showed that the implementation of the school program in SDN Unggaran Adiwiyata I Yogyakarta going well. This is indicated by the mean performance on aspects of context, input, process, and product in the assessment of students and teachers showed very high criteria. Barriers that arise include: the presence of the school merger causing difficulty PLH management, lack of monitoring and evaluation related activities of students and teachers in EE, EE lack of teaching materials, lack of awareness of teachers to conduct research related to EE, as well as the rotation of the lead teacher program HLM less than the maximum.Kata Kunci: Adiwiyata, kegiatan partisipatif, deskriptif evaluatif

scholarly journals Enterovirus D: A Small but Versatile Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1758
Author(s):  
Ines Cordeiro Filipe ◽  
Mariana Soares Guedes ◽  
Evgeny M. Zdobnov ◽  
Caroline Tapparel
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Genome Organization ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Causative Agents

Enteroviruses (EVs) from the D species are the causative agents of a diverse range of infectious diseases in spite of comprising only five known members. This small clade has a diverse host range and tissue tropism. It contains types infecting non-human primates and/or humans, and for the latter, they preferentially infect the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. Although several Enterovirus D members, in particular EV-D68, have been associated with neurological complications, including acute myelitis, there is currently no effective treatment or vaccine against any of them. This review highlights the peculiarities of this viral species, focusing on genome organization, functional elements, receptor usage, and pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Analysis of Community’s Knowledge of Hepatitis A Disease and Vaccines in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Endarti ◽  
Irfan Ahmad ◽  
Tri Murti Andayani
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
National Immunization Program ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government ◽  
Central Sulawesi

Hepatitis A is a viral disease with a high potential for morbidity and mortality which is also the second highest incidence in Indonesia after hepatitis B. The purpose of this research is to measure knowledge of Indonesian community about hepatitis A disease and vaccine and to analyze the factors related to knowledge. This study used an observational survey research design applying a cross-sectional multi-center approach. The number of sample was 500 respondents located in 5 provinces in Indonesia, namely DIY, Lampung, West Java, North Kalimantan, and Central Sulawesi. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire that was modified from the questionnaire in a similar study before. The results showed that the mean of knowledge score obtained was 75.2% ± 12.2% with a median of 76.9%. There are 2 items of knowledge that were lack understood by respondents, namely treatment of hepatitis A that cannot be treated with antibiotics and immunizations and hepatitis A is not included yet in the national immunization program in Indonesia. Statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney test showed that there were significant differences score of knowledge between groups on the characteristics of the number of dependents (p=0,000), experience of hearing a disease (p=0,000), experience of hearing a vaccine (p=0,000) and the experience of the child being vaccinated (p=0,000). It is recommended that the government conducts education programs for the community of Indonesia to improve knowledge related to hepatitis A diseases and the benefits of using hepatitis Avaccine.

scholarly journals Analisis Tingkat Pengetahuan Masyarakat Terhadap Penyakit dan Vaksin Hepatitis A di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan Ahmad ◽  
Dwi Endarti ◽  
Tri Murti Andayani
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government ◽  
Central Sulawesi

Hepatitis A is a viral disease with a high potential for morbidity and mortality. It is also the second highest viral disease in Indonesia after hepatitis B. Community’s knowledge regarding Hepatitis A disease dan vaccine is required to support such program for eradication of Hepatitis A. The aims of this study was to measure the knowledge of Indonesian community about hepatitis A disease and its vaccine indicated from knowledge score of correct answer towards questionnaire, as well as to analyze the factors that can influence it indicated from difference of mean of knowledge scores among groups of respondents characteristics. This study used an observational survey research design applying a cross-sectional multi-center approach. The number of sample was 500 respondents located in 5 provinces in Indonesia, namely DIY, Lampung, West Java, Central Kalimantan, and Central Sulawesi. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire that was modified from the questionnaire in a similar previous study. The results showed that public knowledge related to diseases and hepatitis A vaccine in Indonesia was considered sufficient with the mean score obtained was 75.2% ± 12.2%. Statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney test showed that there were significant differences in score of knowledge between groups on the characteristics of experience of hearing a disease (p=0,000), experience of hearing a vaccine (p=0,000) and the experience of the child being vaccinated (p=0,000). There are 2 items of knowledge that werelack understood by respondents, namely treatment of hepatitis A that cannot be treated with antibiotics and immunizations and hepatitis A is not included yet in the national immunization program in Indonesia. It is concluded that community knowledge regarding hepatitis A disease and vaccine was fair (mean knowledge score between 65 – 80%). However, the government still needs to conduct educational programs for the Indonesian community about disease prevention through the vaccination process and provide counseling about the types of vaccines that are not included in the national health insurance program in Indonesia.

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