scholarly journals Exposure Category

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Category

scholarly journals Estimation of HIV incidence in two Brazilian municipalities, 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Landmann Szwarcwald ◽  
Orlando da Costa Ferreira Júnior ◽  
Ana Maria de Brito ◽  
Karin Regina Luhm ◽  
Clea Elisa Lopes Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Population Subgroup ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Male To Female

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate HIV incidence in two Brazilian municipalities, Recife and Curitiba, in the year of 2013. METHODS The method for estimating incidence was based on primary information, resulting from the Lag-Avidity laboratory test for detection of recent HIV infections, applied in a sample of the cases diagnosed in the two cities in 2013. For the estimation of the HIV incidence for the total population of the cities, the recent infections detected in the research were annualized and weighted by the inverse of the probability of HIV testing in 2013 among the infected and not diagnosed cases. After estimating HIV incidence for the total population, the incidence rates were estimated by sex, age group, and exposure category. RESULTS In Recife, 902 individuals aged 13 years and older were diagnosed with HIV infection. From these, 528 were included in the study, and the estimated proportion of recent infections was 13.1%. In Curitiba, 1,013 people aged 13 years and older were diagnosed, 497 participated in the study, and the proportion of recent infections was 10.5%. In Recife, the estimated incidence rate was 53.1/100,000 inhabitants of 13 years and older, while in Curitiba, it was 41.1/100,000, with male-to-female ratio of 3.5 and 2.4, respectively. We observed high rates of HIV incidence among men who have sex with men, of 1.47% in Recife and 0.92% in Curitiba. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the two cities showed that the group of men who have sex with men are disproportionately subject to a greater risk of new infections, and indicate that strategies to control the spread of the epidemic in this population subgroup are essential and urgent.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Tools under REACH: Part II—Higher Tier Tools

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Gyung Lee ◽  
Judith Lamb ◽  
Nenad Savic ◽  
Ioannis Basinas ◽  
Bojan Gasic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Local Exhaust Ventilation ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Full Shift ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Exposure Measurements

Abstract Stoffenmanager®v4.5 and Advanced REACH Tool (ART) v1.5, two higher tier exposure assessment tools for use under REACH, were evaluated by determining accuracy and robustness. A total of 282 exposure measurements from 51 exposure situations (ESs) were collected and categorized by exposure category. In this study, only the results of liquids with vapor pressure (VP) > 10 Pa category having a sufficient number of exposure measurements (n = 251 with 42 ESs) were utilized. In addition, the results were presented by handling/activity description and input parameters for the same exposure category. It should be noted that the performance results of Stoffenmanager and ART in this study cannot be directly compared for some ESs because ART allows a combination of up to four subtasks (and nonexposed periods) to be included, whereas the database for Stoffenmanager, separately developed under the permission of the legal owner of Stoffenmanager, permits the use of only one task to predict exposure estimates. Thus, it would be most appropriate to compare full-shift measurements against ART predictions (full shift including nonexposed periods) and task-based measurements against task-based Stoffenmanager predictions. For liquids with VP > 10 Pa category, Stoffenmanager®v4.5 appeared to be reasonably accurate and robust when predicting exposures [percentage of measurements exceeding the tool’s 90th percentile estimate (%M > T) was 15%]. Areas that could potentially be improved include ESs involving the task of handling of liquids on large surfaces or large work pieces, allocation of high and medium VP inputs, and absence of local exhaust ventilation input. Although the ART’s median predictions appeared to be reasonably accurate for liquids with VP > 10 Pa, the %M > T for the 90th percentile estimates was 41%, indicating that variance in exposure levels is underestimated by ART. The %M > T using the estimates of the upper value of 90% confidence interval (CI) of the 90th percentile estimate (UCI90) was considerably reduced to 18% for liquids with VP > 10 Pa. On the basis of this observation, users might be to consider using the upper limit value of 90% CI of the 90th percentile estimate for predicting reasonable worst case situations. Nevertheless, for some activities and input parameters, ART still shows areas to be improved. Hence, it is suggested that ART developers review the assumptions in relation to exposure variability within the tool, toward improving the tool performance in estimating percentile exposure levels. In addition, for both tools, only some handling/activity descriptions and input parameters were considered. Thus, further validation studies are still necessary.

scholarly journals Differential Seasonality of Legionnaires’ Disease by Exposure Category

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3049
Author(s):  
Udo Buchholz ◽  
Doris Altmann ◽  
Bonita Brodhun
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
Bimodal Pattern ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
June July ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Relative Case

Legionnaires’ disease (LD) shows a seasonal pattern with most cases occurring in summer. We investigate if seasonality can be observed for all three exposure categories (community-acquired (CALD), travel-associated (TALD) and healthcare-associated (HCA)). Methods: LD cases (2005–2015) were classified by exposure categories and we calculated the relative case ratio for each month from February to December using January as reference. The TALD relative case ratio was compared with flight frequencies. Results: Overall case numbers in Germany (N = 7351) peaked in August. CALD had a curve similar to all cases. TALD displayed a bimodal curve with peaks in June/July and October. The latter was attributable to LD cases aged 60+. The relative case ratio of TALD surpassed clearly that of CALD. The curve was similar to that of the relative flight frequencies, but was shifted by about one month. HCA showed no apparent seasonality. Conclusions: Although the overall seasonality in LD is heavily influenced by CALD, seasonal differences are more pronounced for TALD which may reflect travel behavior. The bimodal pattern of TALD is attributable to the curve among those aged 60+ and may reflect their preference to travel outside school holiday periods. Heightened vigilance for HCA cases is necessary throughout the entire year.

Improvement in Survival Among Symptomatic AIDS Patients by Exposure Category in Sao Paulo

2007 ◽  
Vol PAP ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Kilsztajn ◽  
Erika S Lopes ◽  
Manuela Santos Nunes do Carmo ◽  
Patr??cia A. F Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
Improvement In Survival

scholarly journals Sleep Disturbance and Noise Annoyance and Environmental Noise Exposure in Residents of Two Major Slovakian Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Argalasova ◽  
T. Kimakova ◽  
E. Panulinova ◽  
A. Filova ◽  
A. Pultznerova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Environmental Noise ◽  
Road Traffic Noise ◽  
Noise Annoyance ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Noise

Abstract The significant growth in traffic density in Slovakia, combined with the country’s economic change, has resulted in new environmental noise issues, particularly in road traffic noise. The objective of this study was to assess and evaluate the impact of environmental noise on the psychosocial well-being of young healthy individuals in the two main Slovak cities of Bratislava and Kosice. To assess noise annoyance, interference with activities, and sleep disturbance, the ICBEN (The International Commission on the Biological Effects of Noise) anonymous validated “Noise annoyance questionnaire” was applied; noise levels were objectified by direct measurements using a sound level analyzer with a frequency analysis module. Young individuals between the ages of 20 and 30 were interviewed in Bratislava (533 respondents, 155 males) and Kosice (355 respondents, 111 males). The majority of the respondents in both cities were exposed to medium levels of road traffic noise LAeq ≥ 60 dB. In Bratislava, 27.82 % of respondents resided in the higher noise exposure category LAeq ≥ 70 dB, while in Kosice, 39.9 % resided in the lower noise exposure category LAeq < 50 dB. Road traffic noise annoys respondents in the higher noise exposure category in Bratislava 63.51 %, and even in the lower noise exposure category in Kosice, it interferes with reading and mental work, sleep and falling asleep 46.51 %. The study has identified traffic noise as an environmental issue in large cities, emphasizing the need for vulnerable individuals to be protected, particularly at night.

scholarly journals Public Health Messages Associated with the Low Exposure Category of the UV Index Need Reconsideration

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lehmann ◽  
Annette B. Pfahlberg ◽  
Henner Sandmann ◽  
Wolfgang Uter ◽  
Olaf Gefeller
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Health Messages ◽  
World Health ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Health Message ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Public Health Messages

Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main modifiable risk factor for skin cancer. The Global Solar Ultraviolet Index (UVI) was introduced as a tool to visualize the intensity of UV radiation on a certain day which should enable and encourage people to take appropriate protective measures. The exposure category ‘low’ of the UVI, including values from 0 to 2, was linked to the health message ‘No protection required’ by the World Health Organization and collaborating centres. However, published evidence corroborating this advice is scarce. Therefore, we analysed ambient erythemal irradiance data of 14,431 daily UVI time series of low UVI days. Data were gathered at nine stations of the German solar UV monitoring networkcovering all major climate areas in Germanyin the years 2007–2016. We compared ambient erythemal doses calculated for various time intervals with average minimal erythemal doses (MEDs) of the Caucasian Fitzpatrick skin phototypes I-IV to assess the potential for skin damage arising from sun exposure on days with low UVI values. The most common months for the occurrence of days with low UVI values in our dataset were January and December, February and November, and March and October for UVI 0, 1 and 2, respectively. Our results indicate that on days with a UVI value of 0, risk of deterministic radiation injury (solar erythema) is negligible. Conversely, the above-mentioned health message appears misleading when melano-compromised individuals spend several hours outdoors on days with a UVI value of 2, as median doses exceed the MEDs of Fitzpatrick skin types I and II after an exposure duration of only 2 h around solar noon. Under very rare specific circumstances, MEDs of those two most sensitive skin types can also be exceeded even on days with UVI 1. Hence, two aspects of current public health messages may need reconsideration: on the one hand, the health message related to an ‘innocuous level’ of the UVI and, on the other hand, a possible adaption of UVI-related health messages to different skin types.

scholarly journals Profile of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): an Epidemiological Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
White People ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Age Range

Objective: To describe the profile of the population with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Brazil from 2009 to 2019. Methods: This is a descriptive, quantitative study, performed with secondary data from the Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS). The analyzed data referred to cases diagnosed with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome between 2009 and 2019. The variables evaluated were selected from categories, “year of diagnosis”, “sex”, “age range”, “race/skin color” and “exposure category”. Data were made available in absolute frequency, and relative frequencies were calculated in Microsoft Excel ® 2016 software. Results: It is observed that 91.14% (n=383,531) of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome cases in Brazil occur in the population from 20 to 59 years. Among these, 66.44% (n= 254,840) were male and 33.55% (n=128,691) female. Since 44.97% (n=108,327) were white people; 10.93% (n=26,337) black; 0.48% (n=1.168) yellow; 43.30% (n=104.306) brown; 0.32% (n=772) indigenous. And, 24.03% (n=49,596) from homosexual exposure category; 6.40% (n=13,216) bisexual; 65.27% (n=134,703) heterosexual; 3.70% (n=7,623) UDI; 0.02% (n=48) transfusion; 0.01% (n=14) Biological material accident; 0.54 (n=1,126) vertical transmission; 0.03 (n=53) hemophiliac. Conclusion: Epidemiological profile of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Brazil, presents a greater prevalence in male, aged from 20 to 59 years, white, posteriorly the brown race, being of heterosexual exposure category. This knowledge enables contributions to the scientific field and planning of possible public policies for the prevention and treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

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