scholarly journals Alveolar Air

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Air

Quantitative Microscopic Comparison of the Organization of the Lung in Transgenic Mice Expressing Transforming Growth Factor-α (TGF-α)

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
C. G. Plopper ◽  
C. Helton ◽  
A. J. Weir ◽  
J. A. Whitsett ◽  
T. R. Korfhagen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Lung Maturation ◽  
Alveolar Air ◽  
Parenchymal Tissue ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Conducting Airways

A wide variety of growth factors are thought to be involved in the regulation of pre- and postnatal lung maturation, including factors which bind to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Marked pulmonary fibrosis and enlarged alveolar air spaces have been observed in lungs of transgenic mice expressing human TGF-α under control of the 3.7 KB human SP-C promoter. To test whether TGF-α alters lung morphogenesis and cellular differentiation, we examined morphometrically the lungs of adult (6-10 months) mice derived from line 28, which expresses the highest level of human TGF-α transcripts among transgenic lines. Total volume of lungs (LV) fixed by airway infusion at standard pressure was similar in transgenics and aged-matched non-transgenic mice (Fig. 1). Intrapulmonary bronchi and bronchioles made up a smaller percentage of LV in transgenics than in non-transgenics (Fig. 2). Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins were a smaller percentage of LV in transgenic mice than in non-transgenics (Fig. 3). Lung parenchyma (lung tissue free of large vessels and conducting airways) occupied a larger percentage of LV in transgenics than in non-transgenics (Fig. 4). The number of generations of branching in conducting airways was significantly reduced in transgenics as compared to non-transgenic mice. Alveolar air space size, as measured by mean linear intercept, was almost twice as large in transgenic mice as in non-transgenics, especially when different zones within the lung were compared (Fig. 5). Alveolar air space occupied a larger percentage of the lung parenchyma in transgenic mice than in non-transgenic mice (Fig. 6). Collagen abundance was estimated in histological sections as picro-Sirius red positive material by previously-published methods. In intrapulmonary conducting airways, collagen was 4.8% of the wall in transgenics and 4.5% of the wall in non-transgenic mice. Since airways represented a smaller percentage of the lung in transgenics, the volume of interstitial collagen associated with airway wall was significantly less. In intrapulmonary blood vessels, collagen was 8.9% of the wall in transgenics and 0.7% of the wall in non-transgenics. Since blood vessels were a smaller percentage of the lungs in transgenics, the volume of collagen associated with the walls of blood vessels was five times greater. In the lung parenchyma, collagen was 51.5% of the tissue volume in transgenics and 21.2% in non-transgenics. Since parenchyma was a larger percentage of lung volume in transgenics, but the parenchymal tissue was a smaller percent of the volume, the volume of collagen associated with parenchymal tissue was only slightly greater. We conclude that overexpression of TGF-α during lung maturation alters many aspects of lung development, including branching morphogenesis of the airways and vessels and alveolarization in the parenchyma. Further, the increases in visible collagen previously associated with pulmonary fibrosis due to the overexpression of TGF-α are a result of actual increases in amounts of collagen and in a redistribution of collagen within compartments which results from morphogenetic changes. These morphogenetic changes vary by lung compartment. Supported by HL20748, ES06700 and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.

Biomonitoring of industrial solvent exposures in workers' alveolar air

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brugnone ◽  
L. Perbellini ◽  
E. Gaffuri ◽  
P. Apostoli
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Air

Efficacy of a Pedicled Pericardial Fat Pad Fixed with Fibrin Glue on Postoperative Alveolar Air Leakage

Surgery Today ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Yoshimura ◽  
Noriaki Tsubota ◽  
Hidehito Matsuoka ◽  
Toshihiko Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Fibrin Glue ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Alveolar Air ◽  
Pericardial Fat ◽  
Pericardial Fat Pad

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Criteria: A Mathematical Impossibility

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-783
Author(s):  
Roy E. SCHWARTZ ◽  
STEPHEN A. STAYER ◽  
CAROLINE A. PASQUARIELLO
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Alveolar Air

To the Editor.— In the commentary "Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Twenty-five Years Later,"1 Dr Northway cited the diagnostic criteria for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. One of the criteria stated was a requirement for supplemental oxygen longer than 28 days of age to maintain a Pao2 above 500 mm Hg. Clearly, this was a misprint but it is important to realize why a Pao2 above 500 mm Hg in 21% oxygen at sea level is unachievable. The alveolar air equation is as follows: Pao2 = (Pb - Ph2o)Fio2 - Paco2/.8

scholarly journals Benzene Exposure and Biomarkers in Alveolar Air and Urine Among Deck Crews on Tankers Transporting Gasoline

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 890-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Forsell ◽  
Ingrid Liljelind ◽  
Göran Ljungkvist ◽  
Rolf Nordlinder ◽  
Eva Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Respiratory Protection ◽  
Muconic Acid ◽  
Alveolar Air ◽  
Benzene Exposure ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Post Shift

Abstract Introduction Increased rates of leukaemia have been found among tanker crews. Occupational exposures to the leukomogen benzene during loading, unloading, and tank cleaning are possible causes. Studies on older types of tankers carrying gasoline with most handling being done manually have revealed important exposures to benzene. Our study explores benzene exposures on tankers with both automatic and manual systems. Correlations between benzene exposure and benzene in alveolar air (AlvBe), benzene in urine (UBe), and trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA) in urine were investigated. Methods Forty-three male seafarers (22 deck crewmembers and 21 not on deck) on five Swedish different product and chemical tankers transporting 95- or 98-octane gasoline were investigated between 1995 and 1998. The tankers used closed systems for the loading and unloading of gasoline but stripping and tank cleaning were done manually. Benzene in respiratory air was measured using personal passive dosimeters during a 4-h work shift. Samples for biomarker analyses were collected pre- and post-shift. Smoking did occur and crewmembers did not use any respiratory protection during work. Results The average 4-h benzene exposure level for exposed was 0.45 mg m−3 and for non-exposed 0.02 mg m−3. Benzene exposure varied with type of work (range 0.02–143 mg m−3). AlvBe, UBe, and ttMA were significantly higher in post-shift samples among exposed and correlated with exposure level (r = 0.89, 0.74, and 0.57, respectively). Smoking did not change the level of significance among exposed. Discussion Benzene in alveolar air, unmetabolized benzene, and ttMA in urine are potential biomarkers for occupational benzene exposure. Biomarkers were detectable in non-exposed, suggesting benzene exposure even for other work categories on board tankers. Work on tankers carrying gasoline with more or less closed handling of the cargo may still lead to significant benzene exposure for deck crewmembers, and even exceed the Swedish Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL; 8-h time-weighted average [TWA]) of 1.5 mg m−3.

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