Innate Defense Regulator SGX942

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Defense

scholarly journals Corticostriatal control of defense behavior in mice induced by auditory looming cues

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Li ◽  
Jin-Xing Wei ◽  
Guang-Wei Zhang ◽  
Junxiang J. Huang ◽  
Brian Zingg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Corticostriatal Projections ◽  
Behavioral Transition ◽  
Auditory Looming

AbstractAnimals exhibit innate defense behaviors in response to approaching threats cued by the dynamics of sensory inputs of various modalities. The underlying neural circuits have been mostly studied in the visual system, but remain unclear for other modalities. Here, by utilizing sounds with increasing (vs. decreasing) loudness to mimic looming (vs. receding) objects, we find that looming sounds elicit stereotypical sequential defensive reactions: freezing followed by flight. Both behaviors require the activity of auditory cortex, in particular the sustained type of responses, but are differentially mediated by corticostriatal projections primarily innervating D2 neurons in the tail of the striatum and corticocollicular projections to the superior colliculus, respectively. The behavioral transition from freezing to flight can be attributed to the differential temporal dynamics of the striatal and collicular neurons in their responses to looming sound stimuli. Our results reveal an essential role of the striatum in the innate defense control.

scholarly journals CD137 Signaling Is Critical in Fungal Clearance during Systemic Candida albicans Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Vuvi G. Tran ◽  
Na N. Z. Nguyen ◽  
Byungsuk Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Agonistic Antibody ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Surface Receptor ◽  
Candida Albicans Infection

Invasive fungal infections by Candida albicans frequently cause mortality in immunocompromised patients. Neutrophils are particularly important for fungal clearance during systemic C. albican infection, yet little has been known regarding which surface receptor controls neutrophils’ antifungal activities. CD137, which is encoded by Tnfrsf9, belongs to the tumor necrosis receptor superfamily and has been shown to regulate neutrophils in Gram-positive bacterial infection. Here, we used genetic and immunological tools to probe the involvement of neutrophil CD137 signaling in innate defense mechanisms against systemic C. albicans infection. We first found that Tnfrsf9−/− mice were susceptible to C. albicans infection, whereas injection of anti-CD137 agonistic antibody protected the host from infection, suggesting that CD137 signaling is indispensable for innate immunity against C. albicans infection. Priming of isolated neutrophils with anti-CD137 antibody promoted their phagocytic and fungicidal activities through phospholipase C. In addition, injection of anti-CD137 antibody significantly augmented restriction of fungal growth in Tnfrsf9−/− mice that received wild-type (WT) neutrophils. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CD137 signaling contributes to defense mechanisms against systemic C. albicans infection by promoting rapid fungal clearance.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate-controlled serine protease inhibitor (serpin) production in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Duboux ◽  
M. Golliard ◽  
J. A. Muller ◽  
G. Bergonzelli ◽  
C. J. Bolten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Serine Protease ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Serine Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Innate Defense

AbstractThe Serine Protease Inhibitor (serpin) protein has been suggested to play a key role in the interaction of bifidobacteria with the host. By inhibiting intestinal serine proteases, it might allow bifidobacteria to reside in specific gut niches. In inflammatory diseases where serine proteases contribute to the innate defense mechanism of the host, serpin may dampen the damaging effects of inflammation. In view of the beneficial roles of this protein, it is important to understand how its production is regulated. Here we demonstrate that Bifidobacterium longum NCC 2705 serpin production is tightly regulated by carbohydrates. Galactose and fructose increase the production of this protein while glucose prevents it, suggesting the involvement of catabolite repression. We identified that di- and oligosaccharides containing galactose (GOS) and fructose (FOS) moieties, including the human milk oligosaccharide Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), are able to activate serpin production. Moreover, we show that the carbohydrate mediated regulation is conserved within B. longum subsp. longum strains but not in other bifidobacterial taxons harboring the serpin coding gene, highlighting that the serpin regulation circuits are not only species- but also subspecies- specific. Our work demonstrates that environmental conditions can modulate expression of an important effector molecule of B. longum, having potential important implications for probiotic manufacturing and supporting the postulated role of serpin in the ability of bifidobacteria to colonize the intestinal tract.

scholarly journals Analysis of structures, functions, and transgenicity of phytopeptides defensin and thionin: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarfuddin Azmi ◽  
Mohd Kamil Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
Innate Defense

Abstract Background Antimicrobial peptides are very primitive innate defense molecules of almost all organisms, from microbes to mammalians and vascular seed-bearing plants. Antimicrobial peptides of plants categorized into cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) and others and most of the antimicrobial peptides belong to CRPs group. These peptides reported showing the great extent of protecting property against bacteria, fungi, viruses, insect, nematode, and another kind of microbes. To develop a resistant plant against pathogenic fungi, there have been several studies executed to understand the efficiency of transgenicity of these antimicrobial peptides. Main text Apart from the intrinsic property of the higher organism for identifying and activating microbial attack defense device, it also involves innate defense mechanism and molecules. In the current review article, apart from the structural and functional characterization of peptides defensin and thionin, we have attempted to provide a succinct overview of the transgenic development of these defense peptides, that are expressed in a constitutive and or over-expressive manner when biotic and abiotic stress inflicted. Transgenic of different peptides show different competence in plants. Most of the transgenic studies made for defensin and thionin revealed the effective transgenic capacity of these peptides. Conclusion There have been several studies reported successful development of transgenic plants based on peptides defensin and thionin and observed diverse level of resistance-conferring potency in different plants against phytopathogenic fungi. But due to long regulatory process, there has not been marketed any antimicrobial peptides based transgenic plants yet. However, success report state that possibly in near future transgenic plants of AMPs would be released with devoid of harmful effect, with good efficiency, reproducibility, stability, and least production cost.

scholarly journals Host-derived lipids orchestrate pulmonary γδ T cell response to provide early protection against influenza virus infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Xiang Lin ◽  
Zihan Zheng ◽  
Bingtai Lu ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Γδ T Cell ◽  
Innate Defense

AbstractInnate immunity is important for host defense by eliciting rapid anti-viral responses and bridging adaptive immunity. Here, we show that endogenous lipids released from virus-infected host cells activate lung γδ T cells to produce interleukin 17 A (IL-17A) for early protection against H1N1 influenza infection. During infection, the lung γδ T cell pool is constantly supplemented by thymic output, with recent emigrants infiltrating into the lung parenchyma and airway to acquire tissue-resident feature. Single-cell studies identify IL-17A-producing γδ T (Tγδ17) cells with a phenotype of TCRγδhiCD3hiAQP3hiCXCR6hi in both infected mice and patients with pneumonia. Mechanistically, host cell-released lipids during viral infection are presented by lung infiltrating CD1d+ B-1a cells to activate IL-17A production in γδ T cells via γδTCR-mediated IRF4-dependent transcription. Reduced IL-17A production in γδ T cells is detected in mice either lacking B-1a cells or with ablated CD1d in B cells. Our findings identify a local host-immune crosstalk and define important cellular and molecular mediators for early innate defense against lung viral infection.

scholarly journals Membrane-bound mucins of the airway mucosal surfaces are densely decorated with keratan sulfate: revisiting their role in the Lung’s innate defense

Glycobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Carpenter ◽  
Mehmet Kesimer
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Keratan Sulfate ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Surface Binding ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Membrane Bound

Abstract Understanding the basic elements of the airway mucosal surfaces and how they form a functional barrier is essential in understanding disease initiation, progression, pathogenesis and ultimately treating chronic lung diseases. Using primary airway epithelial cell cultures, atomic force microscopy (AFM), multiangle light scattering and quartz crystal micro balance with dissipation monitoring techniques, here we report that the membrane bound mucins (MBMs) found in the periciliary layer (PCL) of the airway surface are densely decorated with keratan sulfate (KS). AFM and immunoblotting show that the KS sidechains can be removed enzymatically with keratanase II (KII) treatment, and the antibody accessibility for B2729 (MUC1), MUCH4 (MUC4) and OC125 (MUC16) was substantially enhanced. Light scattering analysis confirmed that KII treatment removed ~40% of the mass from the mucin fractions. Surface binding experiments indicated that MBMs were able to pack into a tighter conformation following KS removal, suggesting that negatively charged KS sidechains play a role in mucin–mucin repulsion and contribute to “space filling” in the PCL. We also observed that soluble filtrate from the common airway pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of stripping KS from MBMs. Altogether, our findings indicate that KS glycosylation of MBMs may play an important role in the integrity of the airway mucosal barrier and its compromise in disease.

scholarly journals Cathelicidin Anti-Microbial Peptide Expression in Sweat, an Innate Defense System for the Skin

2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 1090-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masamoto Murakami ◽  
Takaaki Ohtake ◽  
Robert A. Dorschner ◽  
Richard L. Gallo ◽  
Birgit Schittek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense System ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Peptide Expression

Effective Adjunctive Therapy by an Innate Defense Regulatory Peptide in a Preclinical Model of Severe Malaria

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (135) ◽  
pp. 135ra64-135ra64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Achtman ◽  
S. Pilat ◽  
C. W. Law ◽  
D. J. Lynn ◽  
L. Janot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Malaria ◽  
Adjunctive Therapy ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Regulatory Peptide ◽  
Innate Defense
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