scholarly journals Standardized Allergy Biological Unit per Milliliter

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Unit

Application of membrane technology in the pretreatment of cheese dairies wastes and co-treatment in a municipal conventional biological unit

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Papachristou ◽  
Costas T. Lafazanis
Keyword(s):  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Membrane Technology ◽  
Biological Unit ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Dairy Wastes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Cheese Production

A great number of cheese dairies and dairy industries in Greece are disposing their wastes, mainly cheese whey, either on land or in surface receivers, in large quantities creating a major environmental problem. A typical agricultural and pastoral provincial town of 70,000 inhabitants, Trikala, became the starting point of this research. A co-treatment of the urban sewage and the dairy wastes in the municipal treatment plant was recommended. The successful application of the above statement is based primarily on the pretreatment of the cheese dairies wastes. So far for cheese whey the recovery of the lactose serum in the contemporary central unit applying membrane technology has been suggested. As far as the wastewaters of the washing and refrigeration are concerned a pretreatment is required for the defatting in a grease trap, the grating, the adjustment of pH and the equalisation in an appropriate tank. Finally, this research has also focussed on the importance of membrane technology in improving the quality of milk and cheese production.

scholarly journals ProtBuD: a database of biological unit structures of protein families and superfamilies

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (15) ◽  
pp. 2028-2028
Author(s):  
Q. Xu ◽  
A. Canutescu ◽  
Z. Obradovic ◽  
R. L. Dunbrack
Keyword(s):  
Protein Families ◽  
Biological Unit

Structural insights into the efficient CO2-reducing activity of an NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase fromThiobacillussp. KNK65MA

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunjun Choe ◽  
Jung Min Ha ◽  
Jeong Chan Joo ◽  
Hyunook Kim ◽  
Hye-Jin Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Candida Boidinii ◽  
Free Energy Barrier ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Biological Unit ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Structural Insights

CO2fixation is thought to be one of the key factors in mitigating global warming. Of the various methods for removing CO2, the NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase fromCandida boidinii(CbFDH) has been widely used in various biological CO2-reduction systems; however, practical applications of CbFDH have often been impeded owing to its low CO2-reducing activity. It has recently been demonstrated that the NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase fromThiobacillussp. KNK65MA (TsFDH) has a higher CO2-reducing activity compared with CbFDH. The crystal structure of TsFDH revealed that the biological unit in the asymmetric unit has two conformations,i.e.open (NAD+-unbound) and closed (NAD+-bound) forms. Three major differences are observed in the crystal structures of TsFDH and CbFDH. Firstly, hole 2 in TsFDH is blocked by helix α20, whereas it is not blocked in CbFDH. Secondly, the sizes of holes 1 and 2 are larger in TsFDH than in CbFDH. Thirdly, Lys287 in TsFDH, which is crucial for the capture of formate and its subsequent delivery to the active site, is an alanine in CbFDH. A computational simulation suggested that the higher CO2-reducing activity of TsFDH is owing to its lower free-energy barrier to CO2reduction than in CbFDH.

scholarly journals Intermolecular correlations are necessary to explain diffuse scattering from protein crystals

IUCrJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariana Peck ◽  
Frédéric Poitevin ◽  
Thomas J. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Diffuse Scattering ◽  
Conformational Dynamics ◽  
Protein Crystals ◽  
Biological Unit ◽  
Long Range Correlations ◽  
Correlated Motions ◽  
Potential Applications

Conformational changes drive protein function, including catalysis, allostery and signaling. X-ray diffuse scattering from protein crystals has frequently been cited as a probe of these correlated motions, with significant potential to advance our understanding of biological dynamics. However, recent work has challenged this prevailing view, suggesting instead that diffuse scattering primarily originates from rigid-body motions and could therefore be applied to improve structure determination. To investigate the nature of the disorder giving rise to diffuse scattering, and thus the potential applications of this signal, a diverse repertoire of disorder models was assessed for its ability to reproduce the diffuse signal reconstructed from three protein crystals. This comparison revealed that multiple models of intramolecular conformational dynamics, including ensemble models inferred from the Bragg data, could not explain the signal. Models of rigid-body or short-range liquid-like motions, in which dynamics are confined to the biological unit, showed modest agreement with the diffuse maps, but were unable to reproduce experimental features indicative of long-range correlations. Extending a model of liquid-like motions to include disorder across neighboring proteins in the crystal significantly improved agreement with all three systems and highlighted the contribution of intermolecular correlations to the observed signal. These findings anticipate a need to account for intermolecular disorder in order to advance the interpretation of diffuse scattering to either extract biological motions or aid structural inference.

The Question of a Biological Unit of Radiation

1926 ◽  
Vol Original Series, Volume 6 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 413-431
Author(s):  
G. Failla
Keyword(s):  
Biological Unit

Do cows regulate diet choice within the short-term time frame of a meal?

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 6-6
Author(s):  
M. P. Yeates ◽  
B. J. Tolkamp ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Diet Choice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biological Unit

When cows are offered a choice of foods they are able to select a consistent combination of these foods over long periods of time. Consistent long-term diet choice (DC) is the result of feeding behaviour, which may be regulated in the short-term. The shortest unit of feeding that can be measured is often a visit to a feeder supplying one food type only. These visits are usually clustered into meals, which are the shortest biological unit in which DC can be expressed. Previous work led us to hypothesise that animals may select a consistent diet within meals, thus ensuring nutrient synchronisation in the short-term. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether long-term average DC was a direct result of cows selecting a consistent diet within meals.

scholarly journals Microbiotal-Host Interactions and Hypertension

Physiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Galla ◽  
Saroj Chakraborty ◽  
Blair Mell ◽  
Matam Vijay-Kumar ◽  
Bina Joe
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Host Genome ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Biological Unit ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Hypertension, or elevated blood pressure (BP), has been extensively researched over decades and clearly demonstrated to be caused due to a combination of host genetic and environmental factors. Although much research remains to be conducted to pin-point the precise genetic elements on the host genome that control BP, new lines of evidence are emerging to indicate that, besides the host genome, the genomes of all indigenous commensal micro-organisms, collectively referred to as the microbial metagenome or microbiome, are important, but largely understudied, determinants of BP. Unlike the rigid host genome, the microbiome or the “second genome” can be altered by diet or microbiotal transplantation in the host. This possibility is attractive from the perspective of exploiting the microbiotal composition for clinical management of inherited hypertension. Thus, focusing on the limited current literature supporting a role for the microbiome in BP regulation, this review highlights the need to further explore the role of the co-existence of host and the microbiota as an organized biological unit called the “holobiont” in the context of BP regulation.

scholarly journals ProtBuD: a database of biological unit structures of protein families and superfamilies

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 2876-2882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Xu ◽  
A. Canutescu ◽  
Z. Obradovic ◽  
R. L. Dunbrack
Keyword(s):  
Protein Families ◽  
Biological Unit

scholarly journals Plasmids, Viruses, And Other Circular Elements In Rat Gut

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tue Sparholt Jorgensen ◽  
Martin Asser Hansen ◽  
Zhuofei Xu ◽  
Michael A Tabak ◽  
Soren J. Sorensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Biological Unit ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
Eukaryotic Species ◽  
Danish Hospital ◽  
Rat Gut ◽  
Rat Cecum

Circular DNA such as plasmids and some viruses is the major source of genetic variation in bacteria and thus has the same important evolutionary function as sexual reproduction in eukaryotic species: It allows dissemination of advantageous traits through bacterial populations. Here, we present the largest collection of novel complete extrachromosomal genetic elements to date, and compare the diversity, distribution, and content of circular sequences from 12 rat cecum samples from the pristine Falkland Islands and Danish hospital sewers, two environments with contrasting anthropogenic impact. Using a validated pipeline, we find 1,869 complete, circular, non-redundant sequences, of which only 114 are previously described. While sequences of similar size from the two environments share general features, the size distribution of the elements between environments differs significantly, with hospital sewer samples hosting larger circular elements than Falkland Island samples, a possible consequence of the massive anthropogenic influence in the hospital sewer environment. Several antibiotic resistance genes have been identified with a notably larger diversity in hospital sewer samples than in Falkland Islands samples in concordance with expectations. Our findings suggest that even though sequences of similar length carry similar traits, the mobilome of rat gut bacteria are affected by human activities in that sewer rats have larger elements and more diverse large elements than pristine island rats. More than 1000 small, novel and not classified small sequences was identified and hint the existence of a biological unit not previously described on a community level.

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