Adult Brain Stem Mixed Glioma

Infant Brain Stem Is Prone to the Generation of Spreading Depression During Severe Hypoxia

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.91260.2008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 101 (5) ◽

pp. 2395-2410 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Frank Funke ◽

Miriam Kron ◽

Mathias Dutschmann ◽

Michael Müller

Keyword(s):

Brain Stem ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Spreading Depression ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Severe Hypoxia ◽

Hypoglossal Nucleus ◽

Sudden Infant ◽

Cardiorespiratory Control ◽

Infant Brain

Spreading depression (SD) resembles a concerted, massive neuronal/glial depolarization propagating within the gray matter. Being associated with cerebropathology, such as cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage, epileptic seizures, and migraine, it is well studied in cortex and hippocampus. We have now analyzed the susceptibility of rat brain stem to hypoxia-induced spreading depression-like depolarization (HSD), which could critically interfere with cardiorespiratory control. In rat brain stem slices, severe hypoxia (oxygen withdrawal) triggered HSD within minutes. The sudden extracellular DC potential shift of approximately −20 mV showed the typical profile known from other brain regions and was accompanied by an intrinsic optical signal (IOS). Spatiotemporal IOS analysis revealed that in infant brain stem, HSD was preferably ignited within the spinal trigeminal nucleus and then mostly spread out medially, invading the hypoglossal nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and the ventral respiratory group (VRG). The neuronal hypoxic depolarizations underlying the generation of HSD were massive, but incomplete. The propagation velocity of HSD and the associated extracellular K+ rise were also less marked than in other brain regions. In adult brain stem, HSD was mostly confined to the NTS and its occurrence was facilitated by hypotonic solutions, but not by glial poisoning or block of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses. In conclusion, brain stem tissue reliably generates propagating HSD episodes, which may be of interest for basilar-type migraine and brain stem infarcts. The preferred occurrence of HSD in the infant brain stem and its propagation into the VRG may be of importance for neonatal brain stem pathology such as sudden infant death syndrome.

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Characterization of Mitotic Neurons Derived From Adult Rat Hypothalamus and Brain Stem

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00088.2001 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 1076-1085 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Jenafer Evans ◽

Colin Sumners ◽

Jennifer Moore ◽

Matthew J. Huentelman ◽

Jie Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Membrane Potential ◽

Brain Stem ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Neonatal Rat ◽

Peak Current Density ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Peak Current ◽

Rat Hypothalamus ◽

Adult Rat

Embryonic or neonatal rat neurons retain plasticity and are readily grown in tissue culture, but neurons of the adult brain were thought to be terminally differentiated and therefore difficult to culture. Recent studies, however, suggest that it may be possible to culture differentiated neurons from the hippocampus of adult rats. We modified these procedures to grow differentiated neurons from adult rat hypothalamus and brain stem. At day 7 in tissue culture and beyond, the predominant cell types in hypothalamic and brain stem cultures had a stellate morphology and could be subdivided into two distinct groups, one of which stained with antibodies to the immature neuron marker α-internexin, while the other stained with the astrocyte marker GFAP. The α-internexin positive cells were mitotic and grew to form a characteristic two-dimensional cellular network. These α-internexin positive cells coimmunostained for the neuronal markers MAP2, type III β-tubulin, and tau, and also bound tetanus toxin, but were negative for the oligodendrocyte marker GalC and also for the neurofilament triplet proteins NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H, markers of more mature neurons. Patch-clamp analysis of these α-internexin positive cells revealed small Ca2+ currents with a peak current of −0.5 ± 0.1 pA/pF at a membrane potential of −20 mV ( n = 5) and half-maximal activation at −30 mV ( n = 5). Na+ currents with a peak current density of −154.5 ± 49.8 pA/pF at a membrane potential of −15 mV ( n = 5) were also present. We also show that these cells can be frozen and regrown in tissue culture and that they can be efficiently infected by viral vectors. These cells therefore have the immunological and electrophysiological properties of immature mitotic neurons and should be useful in a variety of future studies of neuronal differentiation and function.

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Oxidative and glycolytic pathways in rat (newborn and adult) and turtle brain: role during anoxia

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.4.r595 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 262 (4) ◽

pp. R595-R603 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Y. Xia ◽

C. Jiang ◽

G. G. Haddad

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Brain Stem ◽

Brain Slices ◽

Iodoacetic Acid ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Newborn Rats ◽

Adult Rat

Using enzyme histochemistry and in vitro electrophysiological recordings in brain slices, we studied 1) the relative activity of cytochrome c oxidase (Cytox) and hexokinase (HK) and 2) cellular function by examining ionic homeostasis across cell membranes in the turtle and newborn (5 days old) and adult rat central nervous system. We found that Cytox was higher in the rostral than in the caudal brain regions of the adult rat and that the activity in the newborn is at least as high as in the adult rat. In contrast, adult turtles had very low Cytox activity throughout the central nervous system. Compared with that in the adult rat, HK activity in the newborn was generally lower in the rostral brain and cerebellum but similar or higher in the brain stem and spinal cord. In the turtle, HK activity was higher in the cerebellum, brain stem, and ventral horn of the spinal cord than in those in the rat. During anoxia, extracellular K+ increased by approximately 10-fold (from 3.2 to approximately 32 mM) in the adult brain stem but only by 2.6 mM in newborn rats. After glycolysis was blocked with iodoacetic acid (10-20 mM), extracellular K+ increased remarkably in both adult and newborn rats to approximately 35 mM. In contrast, the turtle brain tissue showed a slight and insignificant increase in extracellular K+ during complete anoxia or with iodoacetic acid; there was a modest increase in K+ when anoxia and iodoacetate were administered together. We conclude that 1) the newborn rat brain must rely either on higher glycolytic capacity or on a reduction of metabolic rate during O2 deprivation and 2) the turtle brain can subsist on nonglucose fuels or on fuels not requiring the citric acid cycle and the electron transfer chain.

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RADT-16. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROGNOSIS OF ADULT BRAIN STEM GLIOMA: A SINGLE-CENTER 10-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 81 PATIENTS

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noab196.174 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽

pp. vi44-vi44

Author(s):

Jiangfen Zhou ◽

Mingyao Lai ◽

Linbo Cai

Keyword(s):

Brain Stem ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Rank Test ◽

Brain Stem Glioma ◽

Maintenance Chemotherapy ◽

Single Center ◽

Cox Regression Analysis

Abstract OBJECTIVE Adult brain stem glioma (ABSG) is a subset of brain tumor with a low incidence rate. This study reviewed the clinical characteristics and the risk factors affecting the prognosis of ABSG in a single center and explored the proper therapeutic mode for ABSG. METHODS The clinical data of adult patients (age over 18 years old) with brain stem gliomas from January 2010 to January 2021 of Guangdong Sanjiu brain hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Overall survival (OS) were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method, and Log-rank test was used for univariate analysis, COX proportion hazards regression was used for multivariate analysis. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Eighty-one ABSGs, including 46 males and 35 females, were analyzed. The median age of patients was 37 years (range, 19 to 67), and the median follow-up time was 17 months (range, 3 to 108) . The median OS of 81 patients was 18 months, and the OS for 1, 2, 3, and 5 years was 87.4%, 75.8%, 61.0%, and 36.5%, respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that the lesions enhancement on MRI, the WHO classifications, the expression status of H3K27M, radiotherapy status, and the status of adjuvant chemotherapy were related to prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that age, the WHO classifications, radiotherapy status, and the maintenance chemotherapy followed radiotherapy were independent predictors for OS. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy is still the main treatment of ABSGs, and patients can be benefit from maintenance chemotherapy followed radiotherapy. The age > 40 years and WHO IV grade were two independent unfavorable prognostic factors. Research with expanded patient volume would help to further explore the influence of H3K27M expression on ABSG prognosis.

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