Listing's plane and the 3D-VOR in microgravity – The role of the otolith afferences

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H. Clarke ◽  
K. Just ◽  
W. Krzok ◽  
U. Schönfeld
Keyword(s):  
Listing's Plane ◽  
Listing’S Plane

Listing's plane rotation with convergence: role of disparity, accommodation, and depth perception

1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kapoula ◽  
Marijus Bernotas ◽  
Thomas Haslwanter
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Plane Rotation ◽  
Listing's Plane ◽  
Listing’S Plane

scholarly journals Symmetry of oculomotor burst neuron coordinates about Listing's plane

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Crawford ◽  
T. Vilis
Keyword(s):  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Anatomic Landmarks ◽  
Electrical Microstimulation ◽  
Listing's Plane ◽  
Unilateral Stimulation ◽  
Eye Rotation ◽  
Burst Neuron ◽  
Listing’S Plane ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the axes of eye rotation generated by oculomotor burst neuron populations and the coordinate system that they collectively define. In particular, we asked if such coordinates might be related to constraints in the emergent behavior, i.e., Listing's law for saccades. 2. The mesencephalic rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) was identified in four monkeys with the use of single-unit recording, and then explored with the use of electrical microstimulation and pharmacological inactivation with the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist muscimol. Three-dimensional (3-D) eye positions and velocities were recorded in one or both eyes while alert animals made eye movements in response to visual stimuli and head rotation. 3. Unilateral stimulation of the riMLF (20 microA, 200 Hz, 300-600 ms) produced conjugate, constant velocity eye rotations, which then stopped abruptly and held their final positions. This is expected if the riMLF produces phasic signals upstream from the oculomotor integrator. 4. Units that burst before upward or downward saccades were recorded intermingled in each side of the riMLF. Unilateral stimulation of the same riMLF sites produced eye rotations about primarily torsional axes, clockwise (CW) during right riMLF stimulation and counterclockwise (CCW) during left stimulation. Only small and inconsistent vertical components were observed, supporting the view that the riMLF carries intermingled up and down signals. 5. The torsional axes of eye rotation produced by riMLF stimulation did not correlate to external anatomic landmarks. Instead, stimulation axes from both riMLF sides aligned with the primary gaze direction orthogonal to Listing's plane of eye positions recorded during saccades. 6. Injection of muscimol into one side of the riMLF produced a conjugate deficit in saccades and quick phases, including a 50% reduction in all vertical velocities and complete loss of one torsional direction. CW was lost after right riMLF inactivation, and CCW was lost after left inactivation. 7. The plane that separated the intact torsional axes from the missing axes correlated with the orientation of Listing's plane. Thus, during left or right riMLF inactivation, the vertical axes of intact horizontal saccades were abnormally aligned with Listing's plane. The orientation of these axes was not correlated with external anatomic landmarks. 8. As suggested by their alignment with Listing's plane, the intact vertical axes of horizontal saccades following riMLF inactivation were orthogonal to torsional riMLF stimulation axes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Central Positional Nystagmus Simulated by a Mathematical Ocular Motor Model of Otolith-Dependent Modification of Listing's Plane

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1546-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Glasauer ◽  
M. Dieterich ◽  
Th. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Positional Nystagmus ◽  
Listing's Plane ◽  
Head Positions ◽  
Listing’S Plane

To find an explanation of the mechanisms of central positional nystagmus in neurological patients with posterior fossa lesions, we developed a three-dimensional (3-D) mathematical model to simulate head position-dependent changes in eye position control relative to gravity. This required a model implementation of saccadic burst generation, of the neural velocity to eye position integrator, which includes the experimentally demonstrated leakage in the torsional component, and of otolith-dependent neural control of Listing's plane. The validity of the model was first tested by simulating saccadic eye movements in different head positions. Then the model was used to simulate central positional nystagmus in off-vertical head positions. The model simulated lesions of assumed otolith inputs to the burst generator or the neural integrator, both of which resulted in different types of torsional-vertical nystagmus that only occurred during head tilt in roll plane. The model data qualitatively fit clinical observations of central positional nystagmus. Quantitative comparison with patient data were not possible, since no 3-D analyses of eye movements in various head positions have been reported in the literature on patients with positional nystagmus. The present model, prompted by an open clinical question, proposes a new hypothesis about the generation of pathological nystagmus and about neural control of Listing's plane.

scholarly journals Kinematic Principles of Primate Rotational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex II. Gravity-Dependent Modulation of Primary Eye Position

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 2203-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard J. M. Hess ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki
Keyword(s):  
Slow Phase ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Single Plane ◽  
Fast Phase ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Listing's Plane ◽  
Vestibulo Ocular Reflex ◽  
Torsional Component ◽  
Listing’S Plane

Hess, Bernhard J. M. and Dora E. Angelaki. Kinematic principles of primate rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex. II. Gravity-dependent modulation of primary eye position. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2203–2216, 1997. The kinematic constraints of three-dimensional eye positions were investigated in rhesus monkeys during passive head and body rotations relative to gravity. We studied fast and slow phase components of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) elicited by constant-velocity yaw rotations and sinusoidal oscillations about an earth-horizontal axis. We found that the spatial orientation of both fast and slow phase eye positions could be described locally by a planar surface with torsional variation of <2.0 ± 0.4° (displacement planes) that systematically rotated and/or shifted relative to Listing's plane. In supine/prone positions, displacement planes pitched forward/backward; in left/right ear-down positions, displacement planes were parallel shifted along the positive/negative torsional axis. Dynamically changing primary eye positions were computed from displacement planes. Torsional and vertical components of primary eye position modulated as a sinusoidal function of head orientation in space. The torsional component was maximal in ear-down positions and approximately zero in supine/prone orientations. The opposite was observed for the vertical component. Modulation of the horizontal component of primary eye position exhibited a more complex dependence. In contrast to the torsional component, which was relatively independent of rotational speed, modulation of the vertical and horizontal components of primary position depended strongly on the speed of head rotation (i.e., on the frequency of oscillation of the gravity vector component): the faster the head rotated relative to gravity, the larger was the modulation. Corresponding results were obtained when a model based on a sinusoidal dependence of instantaneous displacement planes (and primary eye position) on head orientation relative to gravity was fitted to VOR fast phase positions. When VOR fast phase positions were expressed relative to primary eye position estimated from the model fits, they were confined approximately to a single plane with a small torsional standard deviation (∼1.4–2.6°). This reduced torsional variation was in contrast to the large torsional spread (well >10–15°) of fast phase positions when expressed relative to Listing's plane. We conclude that primary eye position depends dynamically on head orientation relative to space rather than being fixed to the head. It defines a gravity-dependent coordinate system relative to which the torsional variability of eye positions is minimized even when the head is moved passively and vestibulo-ocular reflexes are evoked. In this general sense, Listing's law is preserved with respect to an otolith-controlled reference system that is defined dynamically by gravity.

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