The construction of Minor Statistical Output Areas in Iceland

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ómar S. Har\dharson ◽  
Einar Örn Hreinsson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Source Zones ◽  
Partitioning Algorithm

This paper describes the construction of Minor Statistical Output Areas (MSOAs) in Iceland in preparation for the 2021 Population and Housing Census. It explains how these areas were generated by a partitioning algorithm in the densely populated areas, using pre-existing planning zones as the building blocks or source zones. Approximately a fifth of the MSOAs were constructed manually in the sparsely populated areas by grouping together smaller municipalities and splitting larger localities from the surrounding rural areas.

scholarly journals Barriers and facilitators to implementing changes in opioid prescribing in rural primary care clinics

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-430
Author(s):  
Michael L. Parchman ◽  
Brooke Ike ◽  
Katherine P Osterhage ◽  
Laura-Mae Baldwin ◽  
Kari A Stephens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Rural Practice ◽  
Barriers And Facilitators ◽  
External Support ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Opioid Prescribing ◽  
Patient Resources

AbstractBackground:Opioids are more commonly prescribed for chronic pain in rural settings in the USA, yet little is known about how the rural context influences efforts to improve opioid medication management.Methods:The Six Building Blocks is an evidence-based program that guides primary care practices in making system-based improvements in managing patients using long-term opioid therapy. It was implemented at 6 rural and rural-serving organizations with 20 clinic locations over a 15-month period. To gain further insight about their experience with implementing the program, interviews and focus groups were conducted with staff and clinicians at the six organizations at the end of the 15 months and transcribed. Team members used a template analysis approach, a form of qualitative thematic analysis, to code these data for barriers, facilitators, and corresponding subcodes.Results:Facilitators to making systems-based changes in opioid management within a rural practice context included a desire to help patients and their community, external pressures to make changes in opioid management, a desire to reduce workplace stress, external support for the clinic, supportive clinic leadership, and receptivity of patients. Barriers to making changes included competing demands on clinicians and staff, a culture of clinician autonomy, inadequate data systems, and a lack of patient resources in rural areas.Discussion:The barriers and facilitators identified here point to potentially unique determinants of practice that should be considered when addressing opioid prescribing for chronic pain in the rural setting.

scholarly journals Development of sustainable SMEs: conceptualized criteria for measuring the sustainability of youth-owned small retail businesses in selected rural areas of South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Simbarashe Kativhu ◽  
Marizvikuru Mwale ◽  
Joseph Francis
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Business Sustainability ◽  
Retail Business ◽  
Sampling Procedures

High failure rates among youth-owned small retail businesses has prompted the need for strengthening sustainability in the sector. The current paper sought to establish a framework for use in determining youth-owned small retail business sustainability. An exploratory mixed study approach was followed (qualitative and quantitative methods). Snowball and cluster sampling procedures were utilized to select respondents. Data were collected using semi-structured interview guides and close ended questionnaires. Qualitative data was analyzed using the Atlas.ti version 7 software network techniques, while the IBM SPSS version 25 techniques were utilized to generate quantitative results. Principal component analysis outcomes reflected that the framework for measuring youth-owned small retail business sustainability comprises 6 major components. The components included security measures (18.01%), outsourcing abilities (13.70%), marketing strategies (10.07%), risk management (8.54%), financial management (8.43%) and innovation (7.89%). The six pillars of the criteria were utilized to further develop time specific indices that were expressed in the following formula: R1 = ƒ (SM1, OA1, MS1, RM1, FM1, I1, S1) + e. Based on this formula, the sustainability of youth-owned small retail businesses can be assessed based on the six pillars on the right side of the equation and other subjective attributes at a particular time. The current study provided a framework that can be used by managers and practitioners to determine key sustainability building blocks of youth-owned small retail business at a particular time and track how they change over time.

scholarly journals Social Exchange Between a DMO and Its Stakeholders: A Case Study in the Rural Southeast United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Angela G. Sebby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Southeast United States ◽  
Visitor Satisfaction ◽  
Culture History ◽  
Destination Area ◽  
Strategic Relationships

Many rural areas in the Southeastern United States implement tourism to supplement the declining manufacturing and farming opportunities in their communities. Through informative resources from the USDA, regional tourism development projects, the Main Street America program, and national, state, and regional grants, rural communities have the necessary building blocks readily available to advance tourism projects. However, numerous rural counties still incur obstacles in the development of tourism, resulting in the inability for them to sustain a viable destination area.Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) appear ineffective in marketing the rural area as a destination that fully embodies the culture, history, and natural resources it exhibits due to small-town politics, naivety of the benefits of tourism, and misaligned brand images. Consequently, visitor demands and expectations cannot be met due to the lack of trust in the DMO’s ability to recognize the stakeholders’ contributions for the betterment of the community as a destination brand.Understanding how to obtain stakeholders’ confidence, a DMO can develop strategic relationships through continual and consistent social exchange, strengthened over time, as trust evolves. These relationships sustain the all-inclusive brand image for the rural destination area, increasing visitor satisfaction and, therefore, stakeholder investments.

scholarly journals Living Labs for Rural Areas: Contextualization of Living Lab Frameworks, Concepts and Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Zavratnik ◽  
Argene Superina ◽  
Emilija Stojmenova Duh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Sustainable Living ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Living Lab ◽  
Living Labs

Living Labs are spaces for innovative and participative research, development and activities that use multidisciplinary approaches and promote the co-creation paradigm. Our specific interest lies in exploring the value of the Living Lab concept for creating environments that enable equal opportunities for people living in rural and urban areas, and for making rural areas attractive places to live. Moreover, through the existing practices and research results available, Living Labs are seen as one of the important building blocks of smart rural development and an important step towards establishing a Smart Village environment. Living Labs are a valuable player in enhancing circular economy, digital transformation, local self-sufficiency and other elements of sustainable living. The main aim of this paper is therefore to put Living Labs in the context of rural areas and evaluate their possible contributions for sustainable rural development. This paper argues that the element of community and social change should be considered as a key element in enabling sustainable living.

scholarly journals Radically Ordinary Lives: Young Rural Stayers and the Ingredients of the Good Life in Finnish Lapland

Young ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 110330882110646
Author(s):  
Ria-Maria Adams ◽  
Teresa Komu
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
The Good Life ◽  
Career Plans ◽  
Home Town ◽  
Finnish Lapland

This article focuses on young people who, despite the general tendency towards youth outmigration in rural areas, have decided to stay in their home town. We explore the agency of young, conscious stayers, as well as the process of staying in the northern Finnish town of Kemijärvi. The stayers’ values and perceptions of the constituents of a good life could be taken as an alternative to the prevailing Western ideal that emphasizes mobility and ambitious educational and career plans, and is, in part, driving young people to leave their rural hometowns. The stayers in this study are active participants in their own fate and are content with their choice of staying. Applying ethnographic methods, we undertake to learn what rural stayers consider the building blocks of a good life in a small-town setting, one offering comparatively limited options in terms of jobs, education and leisure activities.

scholarly journals Migrant and Refugee Impact on Well-Being in Rural Areas: Reframing Rural Development Challenges in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apostolos G. Papadopoulos ◽  
Loukia-Maria Fratsea
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Rural Places ◽  
The Impact

The paper aims to exemplify and discuss the changing conditions and challenges posed by the newly arriving populations of migrants and refugees in rural Greece, along with local people’s views on the impact of the new arrivals in their rural places. Its main objective is to understand whether migrants and refugees create threats or opportunities for the local population, and whether movers and non-movers have a shared understanding of well-being in their rural areas. The analysis unveils the connections that are emerging between migrants and refugees and the economy, society and culture in rural receiving areas. Thus, the paper aims at showing the complexity of rural migrant flows and how the interactions between migrants, refugees and locals in the light of the well-being of rural areas may inform rural development in Greece. The paper is structured into five main sections following the introduction. The first section contains a discussion of the main concepts used as building blocks for creating a theoretical framing of well-being in rural areas. The second section develops a brief discussion of international and internal migration to rural areas in Greece, as well as providing some contextual information on the impact of the economic crisis and new developments in response to the recession. The third section includes a short presentation of the methodological approach and a description of the case study area. The fourth section is dedicated to an analysis of the narratives of international migrants, refugees, internal migrants, locals and stakeholders. Finally, the concluding section critically discusses the conceptualisations of rurality and well-being between the various population groups and articulates the challenges connected to well-being and mobilities in contemporary rural Greece.

scholarly journals Awareness and sources of the digital transactions schemes: a cross sectional study in a rural block of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 730
Author(s):  
Shashi Prabha Tomar ◽  
Nipun Dangwal ◽  
P. K. Kasar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
On The Road

Background: India is a developing country and is on the road of rapid progress, in every aspect. So, to further boost the development process, India joined many other developing countries and showed an intent to promote a cashless economy. However, this penetration is not much in the rural areas which constitute the building blocks of the country. Awareness regarding digital transaction schemes of government of India is imperative to success of such schemes. Hence, the current study for assessing the awareness of the digital transaction schemes and finding out the sources in their implementation will help cater these issues.Methods: A  descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 60 respondents belonging to different age groups, socio economic strata and with different education status, to explore the awareness and acceptance percentage of respondents in rural block Paragraph  in relation to digital transaction schemes and methods and the their sources of information. Study was done in three-month duration from1st July 2018 to 30th September 2018.Results: It was found that the awareness for mobile banking among all the age groups was  a massive 93.36% while that of the Digital Dakiya scheme is a meagre 8.30%.It was inferred from the study that social interaction  was the major information source (51%) and there was a significant association between the use of mobile banking and younger age of the individual.Conclusions: Awareness among the older population and rural females is lesser as compared to counterparts and was massive for mobile banking. Disparity about awareness the of schemes points that overall usage needs to be promoted. 

scholarly journals THE KEY SUCCESS FACTORS AND KEY OBSTACLES OF ADMINISTRATION OF THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF COVID–19 IN THAILAND

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Surachart Nanongkhai ◽  
Korawik Pornimit ◽  
Anongwan Upradit
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Key Success Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Control

Health workforces in both urban and rural areas in Thailand formed a professional public health association (CPHA) in 2005 and pushed the government to enact the Community - Public Health Professional Act (CPH Act) until success in 2013. The purpose of CPH council is to regulate its member practice with professional standard and professional ethics. By law, the president of the CPHA is a member of the professional council by position and CPHA have to support the activities of CPH council. The objective of this study is to describe the opinion of the members of the CPHA executive board about the key success factors and t obstacles of administration of the COVID – 19 during the lockdown period in Thailand. Delphi technique is a process of arriving at group consensus by providing experts with rounds of questionnaires, as well as the group response before each subsequent round. The group of experts are 24 members of the CPHA executive board. By collecting data between March - July 2020. There were unmatched and different opinions in the first round, but when presented with the same information. In the second round, more than 75% agreed that the factors that were most important to the administration of COVID – 19 prevention and control were 100% or consensus are leadership of health workforces, accurate knowledge and information of workers in COVID prevention and control, and unity level of work together as a team. The top three obstacles were 83.33%, a centrally defined committee structure, equal to the normality regulations that were not appropriate with the COVID – 19 situations and 79.17 sufficiency of supporting essential materials. The results of this study are consistent with the WHO Framework’s Six Building Blocks.

scholarly journals Extensive Phenotypic Diversity among South Chinese Dogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Dominique Crapon de Caprona ◽  
Peter Savolainen
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Color Body ◽  
The World ◽  
The Village

We describe here a broad diversity in phenotype among dogs in southern China’s rural areas, previously relatively unknown outside of China. These dogs display a much broader spectrum of diversity than is observed for the Indian Pariah Dog and the Australian Dingo, which are of a more uniform type and popularly thought to be typical for South Asian dogs and to represent the primitive morphology of the earliest domestic dogs. We show here that the village dog population of southern China harbors a broad diversity of morphological features, for color, body structure and size, coat texture, ear, and tail set, that are otherwise typically associated with the wide variety of Western dog breeds and assumed to be the result of intense selective breeding. The diversity of southern China’s dogs is cast in the light of mtDNA and Y-chromosome DNA studies showing that the genetic diversity is distinctly higher in southern East Asia than in the rest of the world, indicating that this was the geographical origins of today’s dog. These data suggest that the diverse morphologies of European dogs may have been formed from genetic “building blocks" still present in the dog population of rural southern China.

Photochemical Evolution of Interstellar/Precometary Organic Material

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 23-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Allamandola ◽  
Max P. Bernstein ◽  
Scott A. Sandford
Keyword(s):  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Infrared Observations ◽  
Interstellar Ice ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Ultraviolet Photolysis ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Simple Molecules ◽  
Complex Organic

AbstractInfrared observations, combined with realistic laboratory simulations, have revolutionized our understanding of interstellar ice and dust, the building blocks of comets. Since comets are thought to be a major source of the volatiles on the primative earth, their organic inventory is of central importance to questions concerning the origin of life. Ices in molecular clouds contain the very simple molecules H2O, CH3OH, CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and probably some NH3and H2CO, as well as more complex species including nitriles, ketones, and esters. The evidence for these, as well as carbonrich materials such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), microdiamonds, and amorphous carbon is briefly reviewed. This is followed by a detailed summary of interstellar/precometary ice photochemical evolution based on laboratory studies of realistic polar ice analogs. Ultraviolet photolysis of these ices produces H2, H2CO, CO2, CO, CH4, HCO, and the moderately complex organic molecules: CH3CH2OH (ethanol), HC(= O)NH2(formamide), CH3C(= O)NH2(acetamide), R-CN (nitriles), and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C6H12N4), as well as more complex species including polyoxymethylene and related species (POMs), amides, and ketones. The ready formation of these organic species from simple starting mixtures, the ice chemistry that ensues when these ices are mildly warmed, plus the observation that the more complex refractory photoproducts show lipid-like behavior and readily self organize into droplets upon exposure to liquid water suggest that comets may have played an important role in the origin of life.

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