Chapter 5 - Regulation and control of drugs: Between prescriptive appriopriateness and limitation of public spending towards the goal of deregulating the pharmaceutical market

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 373-408
Author(s):  
Carmen Agnello
Keyword(s):  
Public Spending ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
And Control

Debt Retrenchment Strategies and Control of Public Spending

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Bouthevillain ◽  
Laurent Paul ◽  
Jeanne Pavot
Keyword(s):  
Public Spending ◽  
And Control

On Some Issues of Legal Regulation of the Pharmaceutical Retail Market: the Concept of “Pharmacy Chains”, Special Antitrust Laws and Control Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
A. N. Varlamova
Keyword(s):  
Product Market ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Competitive Relations ◽  
And Control

Competition in the pharmaceutical market is a necessary factor providing an opportunity for citizens to purchase quality goods at affordable prices. Regulation of competitive relations in the market in question can and should have its own characteristics. Opposing monopolization of the retail market by pharmacy chains, setting “reasonable” prices, providing preferential treatment for Russian manufacturers in the promotion of goods are the issues that the legislator should pay attention to when improving regulation of this industry product market.

scholarly journals Road Asset Management Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Diana Bardhi
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Development Fund ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Current Accounting ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
Technical Assessment ◽  
And Control

Albanian Road Authority (ARA) under the administration of the Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure. It is responsible agency for the process of construction and maintenance of national and regional roads. Albanian Development Fund (ADF) is the agency for construction of rural and regional road infrastructure, also training for maintenance and management of municipalities responsible for maintenance of the urban and rural roads. ARA and ADF are using public funds for the construction of road infrastructure network, so due to restriction budgetary in road maintenance they the need to develop a strategy for the management and financial of maintenance, based on current accounting principles and efficiency of public funds in order to ensure safety and cost saving users. This includes the use of a balance of investments made to launch a database for years and the development of basic documents for the planning and control of public spending in these activities. The question that arises and requires an analysis is: a generally accepted value will be calculated for the infrastructure during its useful life, using the principles of sound accounting and valuation of real estate activities internationally applied. The results show that the existing accounting standards are suitable for use in infrastructure management, allowing a better control of public spending on infrastructure, while the principles of technical assessment of public infrastructure assets require the creation of a database and inventory for all road classification.

Public Expenditure: Policy and Control

1979 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W.R. Price
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
State Spending ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
And Control

The present government came to office with a commitment to cut state spending while reducing government intervention in the economy and extending the sphere of private choice through tax reductions. This philosophy, while of significance for the longerterm development of the public sector, is actually of limited use in explaining the 1979 public expenditure reductions. These stem from one of the recurrent crises of financial control which have afflicted public spending plans in the last decade and a half. The purpose of this article is to analyse the financial and economic background to the cuts, which, it is argued, would have called for programme adjustments whatever administration had been in office, though the type of reductions made may bear the imprint of different political philosophies.

scholarly journals Ewolucja administracji farmaceutycznej w Polsce

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Michał Kiedrzynek
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
The Political ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Basic Health ◽  
The Law ◽  
And Control

The evolution of pharmaceutical administration in PolandProduction and marketing of medicinal products are of interest to the legislature for many years. Already in 1919, they entered into force on the first rules governing the matter indicated. The basic health law was the first piece of legislation to regulate the issue of the pharmaceutical market. The legislator only in 1939 passed a new law in this area, which for several years was in force between 40 and 50. Only later came into force a new law on pharmaceuticals and drugs and sanitary articles, which was much more extensive than previously applicable. Due to the political changes legislature has decided to re-regulate the matter of trade in medicinal products. The next act was even more extensive regulation than the last. Currently, since 2001 the issue of the production and marketing of medicinal products has been regulated in the Law pharmaceuticals. Out of all these acts is the most detailed spite of the narrower scope of the legislation. It reflects a trend towards more study, a matter of regulating the production and marketing of medicinal products, as well as increasingly sophisticated system of supervision and control in this area.

Asset Management Public Assessment of Road Infrastructure

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Alma Golgota ◽  
Diana Bardhi
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Infrastructure Management ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Current Accounting ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
National Infrastructure

For several years, the Albanian Road Authority under the administration of the Ministry of Infrastructure also public transport, following the process of maintenance of national roads, even the Albanian Fund for Development of road infrastructure management agency that handled the funds public for the construction of national infrastructure in rural areas, have seen the need to develop a strategy for the management of maintenance and financial management, based on current accounting principles and efficiency in the use of funds for investment. This includes the use of a balance of investments made to launch a database for years and the development of basic documents for the planning and control of public spending in these activities. The question that arises and requires an analysis is

Control of Metal Alloy Oxidation with Electric Fields

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
R. R. Dils ◽  
P. S. Follansbee
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Insulating Layer ◽  
Iron Base Alloy ◽  
Alloy Oxidation ◽  
Aluminum Oxide Layer ◽  
And Control

Electric fields have been applied across oxides growing on a high temperature alloy and control of the oxidation of the material has been demonstrated. At present, three-fold increases in the oxidation rate have been measured in accelerating fields and the oxidation process has been completely stopped in a retarding field.The experiments have been conducted with an iron-base alloy, Pe 25Cr 5A1 0.1Y, although, in principle, any alloy capable of forming an adherent aluminum oxide layer during oxidation can be used. A specimen is polished and oxidized to produce a thin, uniform insulating layer on one surface. Three platinum electrodes are sputtered on the oxide surface and the specimen is reoxidized.

Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
D. M. DePace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

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