Immunosuppressive Activity of Adult Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Innate Immune Cells in the Central Nervous System

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mo A. Dao ◽  
Jan A. Nolta ◽  
Casey C. Case
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Immunosuppressive Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Remyelination: Roles of Glia and Innate Immune Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charbel S. Baaklini ◽  
Khalil S. Rawji ◽  
Greg J. Duncan ◽  
Madelene F. S. Ho ◽  
Jason R. Plemel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells

scholarly journals GFAP and desmin expression in lymphatic tissues leads to difficulties in distinguishing between glial and stromal cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hauke Simon Günther ◽  
Stephan Henne ◽  
Jasmin Oehlmann ◽  
Julia Urban ◽  
Desiree Pleizier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Cell Zone

AbstractRecently, we found many immune cells including antigen presenting cells neurally hard wired in the T-cell zone of most lymphoid organs like amongst others, lymph nodes in rats, mice and humans. Single immune cells were reached by single neurites and enclosed with a dense neural meshwork. As it is well known that axons are always accompanied by glial cells, we were able to identify Schwann cells in the hilum, medullary and capsule region, like expected. Unexpected was the result, that we found oligodendrocyte-like cells in these regions, myelinating more than one axon. Likewise important was the finding, that one of the standard glial markers used, a polyclonal GFAP antibody equally bound to desmin and therefore marked nearly all stromal cells in cortical, paracortical and medullary cord regions. More detailed analysis showed that these results also appeared in many other non-lymphoid organs. Therefore, polyclonal GFAP antibodies are only conditionally usable for immunohistochemical analysis in peripheral tissues outside the central nervous system. It remains to be elucidated, if the binding of the GFAP antibody to desmin has its reason in a special desmin variant that can give stromal cells glial character.

scholarly journals Microglia and Central Nervous System–Associated Macrophages—From Origin to Disease Modulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Prinz ◽  
Takahiro Masuda ◽  
Michael A. Wheeler ◽  
Francisco J. Quintana
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Innate Immune Cells

The immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) consists primarily of innate immune cells. These are highly specialized macrophages found either in the parenchyma, called microglia, or at the CNS interfaces, such as leptomeningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages. While they were primarily thought of as phagocytes, their function extends well beyond simple removal of cell debris during development and diseases. Brain-resident innate immune cells were found to be plastic, long-lived, and host to an outstanding number of risk genes for multiple pathologies. As a result, they are now considered the most suitable targets for modulating CNS diseases. Additionally, recent single-cell technologies enhanced our molecular understanding of their origins, fates, interactomes, and functional cell states during health and perturbation. Here, we review the current state of our understanding and challenges of the myeloid cell biology in the CNS and treatment options for related diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 39 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Innate Immune Surveillance in the Central Nervous System Following Legionella pneumophila Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1080-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasqualina Lagana ◽  
Luca Soraci ◽  
Maria Elsa Gambuzza ◽  
Giuseppe Mancuso ◽  
Santi Antonino Delia
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Inflammatory Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Targeted Therapies

2021 ◽  
pp. 107385842199226
Author(s):  
Stellina Y. H. Lee ◽  
Nathanael J. Yates ◽  
Susannah J. Tye
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Target

Inflammation is a critical factor contributing to the progressive neurodegenerative process observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are activated early in PD pathogenesis and can both trigger and propagate early disease processes via innate and adaptive immune mechanisms such as upregulated immune cells and antibody-mediated inflammation. Downstream cytokines and gene regulators such as microRNA (miRNA) coordinate later disease course and mediate disease progression. Biomarkers signifying the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes at play within the central nervous system are of increasing interest to clinical teams. To be effective, such biomarkers must achieve the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting PD risk, confirming diagnosis, or monitoring disease severity. The aim of this review was to summarize the current preclinical and clinical evidence that suggests that inflammatory processes contribute to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative processes in PD. In this article, we further summarize the data about main inflammatory biomarkers described in PD to date and their potential for regulation as a novel target for disease-modifying pharmacological strategies.

Microglia-Astrocyte Crosstalk: An Intimate Molecular Conversation

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithilesh Kumar Jha ◽  
Myungjin Jo ◽  
Jae-Hong Kim ◽  
Kyoungho Suk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Reactive Astrocytes ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Neuronal Functions

Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk has recently been at the forefront of glial research. Emerging evidence illustrates that microglia- and astrocyte-derived signals are the functional determinants for the fates of astrocytes and microglia, respectively. By releasing diverse signaling molecules, both microglia and astrocytes establish autocrine feedback and their bidirectional conversation for a tight reciprocal modulation during central nervous system (CNS) insult or injury. Microglia, the constant sensors of changes in the CNS microenvironment and restorers of tissue homeostasis, not only serve as the primary immune cells of the CNS but also regulate the innate immune functions of astrocytes. Similarly, microglia determine the functions of reactive astrocytes, ranging from neuroprotective to neurotoxic. Conversely, astrocytes through their secreted molecules regulate microglial phenotypes and functions ranging from motility to phagocytosis. Altogether, the microglia-astrocyte crosstalk is fundamental to neuronal functions and dysfunctions. This review discusses the current understanding of the intimate molecular conversation between microglia and astrocytes and outlines its potential implications in CNS health and disease.

scholarly journals Effects of diet on immune cells within the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Totsch ◽  
R.Y. Meir ◽  
R.M. Orlandella ◽  
L.A. Norian ◽  
R.E. Sorge
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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