On the Global Contrasting Temperature-Precipitation Phase Mechanisms in the Last Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
A.P. Dimri ◽  
P. Kumar ◽  
P. Maharana
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Heat ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Global Precipitation ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Precipitation Phase

Global precipitation patterns have changed compared to the before 1960 (pre-industrial period). By now the temperature has risen by approximately 1°C. The atmospheric heat-retaining constituents have been raised by human-induced activities. It is influencing the composition of the atmospheric gases and water vapour leading to tropospheric energy budget imbalance affecting atmospheric pressure systems. Increased atmospheric warming leads water holding capacity to rise. Such changes insinuated contrasting phases: decreased (increased) temperature- increased (decreased) precipitation in the last century. Mechanisms of these in- and out- phases are investigated. In the total four (two colder-wet and two warmer-dry) global conditions are observed. These time slices indicate a gradual increase in global temperature and a decrease in precipitation. Clausius-Clapeyron relation suggests abrupt warming and increased water vapour pressure in recent decades. In addition, the global climate system is shifting towards abnormal warm-wet or warm-dry conditions. Further, contrasting changes in global precipitation have been seen, in particular after 1960 (post-industrial period). It is significantly noted that there has been a global contrasting temperature-precipitation phase mechanism in the last century.

Variability of radiosonde-observed precipitable water in the Baltic region*

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jakobson ◽  
H. Ohvril ◽  
O. Okulov ◽  
N. Laulainen
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Geographical Latitude ◽  
Linear Formula ◽  
Annual Means ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Two Parameters

The total mass of columnar water vapour (precipitable water, W) is an important parameter of atmospheric thermodynamic and radiative models. In this work more than 60 000 radiosonde observations from 17 aerological stations in the Baltic region over 14 years, 1989–2002, were used to examine the variability of precipitable water. A table of monthly and annual means of W for the stations is given. Seasonal means of W are expressed as linear functions of the geographical latitude degree. A linear formula is also derived for parametrisation of precipitable water as a function of two parameters – geographical latitude and surface water vapour pressure.

scholarly journals In situ investigation of degradation at organometal halide perovskite surfaces by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at realistic water vapour pressure

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (37) ◽  
pp. 5231-5234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Chun-Ren Ke ◽  
Alex S. Walton ◽  
David J. Lewis ◽  
Aleksander Tedstone ◽  
Paul O'Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Lead Iodide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In Situ Investigation ◽  
Organometal Halide Perovskite ◽  
Methylammonium Lead Iodide

Near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy enables the study of the reaction of in situ-prepared methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskite at realistic water vapour pressures for the first time.

scholarly journals Evaluation of MUSICA IASI tropospheric water vapour profiles using theoretical error assessments and comparisons to GRUAN Vaisala RS92 measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4981-5006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Borger ◽  
Matthias Schneider ◽  
Benjamin Ertl ◽  
Frank Hase ◽  
Omaira E. García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Dry Bias

Abstract. Volume mixing ratio water vapour profiles have been retrieved from IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) spectra using the MUSICA (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water) processor. The retrievals are done for IASI observations that coincide with Vaisala RS92 radiosonde measurements performed in the framework of the GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) in three different climate zones: the tropics (Manus Island, 2° S), mid-latitudes (Lindenberg, 52° N), and polar regions (Sodankylä, 67° N). The retrievals show good sensitivity with respect to the vertical H2O distribution between 1 km above ground and the upper troposphere. Typical DOFS (degrees of freedom for signal) values are about 5.6 for the tropics, 5.1 for summertime mid-latitudes, 3.8 for wintertime mid-latitudes, and 4.4 for summertime polar regions. The errors of the MUSICA IASI water vapour profiles have been theoretically estimated considering the contribution of many different uncertainty sources. For all three climate regions, unrecognized cirrus clouds and uncertainties in atmospheric temperature have been identified as the most important error sources and they can reach about 25 %. The MUSICA IASI water vapour profiles have been compared to 100 individual coincident GRUAN water vapour profiles. The systematic difference between the data is within 11 % below 12 km altitude; however, at higher altitudes the MUSICA IASI data show a dry bias with respect to the GRUAN data of up to 21 %. The scatter is largest close to the surface (30 %), but never exceeds 21 % above 1 km altitude. The comparison study documents that the MUSICA IASI retrieval processor provides H2O profiles that capture the large variations in H2O volume mixing ratio profiles well from 1 km above ground up to altitudes close to the tropopause. Above 5 km the observed scatter with respect to GRUAN data is in reasonable agreement with the combined MUSICA IASI and GRUAN random errors. The increased scatter at lower altitudes might be explained by surface emissivity uncertainties at the summertime continental sites of Lindenberg and Sodankylä, and the upper tropospheric dry bias might suggest deficits in correctly modelling the spectroscopic line shapes of water vapour.

scholarly journals LEAF GAS EXCHANGE IN TWO DWARF COCONUT GENOTYPES IN THE SOUTHEAST OF BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL.

CORD ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Gomes, F.P. ◽  
Mielke, M.S. ◽  
Almeida, A. F. ◽  
Muniz, W. S.
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Palm Trees

Net photosynthetic (A) and leaf transpiration (E) rates and stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) of Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) and Brazilian Green Dwarf (BGD) coconut accessions (Cocos nucifera var. ‘nana’ L.) were studied and discussed in terms of the technical aspects related to light-response curves in field conditions. Measurements of gas exchange were performed during four days, in April and may 2000, at the Cocoa Research Center Experimental Station (Una - BA, Brazil). The A, gs and E parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the two genotypes. The mean maximum values of A, gs and E were 10.4 and 12.0 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, 0.21 and 0.35 mol H2O m-2 s-1 and 3.07 and 3.69 mmol m-2 s-1 for MYD and BGD, respectively. For both genotypes a good fitting of the light-response curve models were obtained, indicating that A and gs were dependent of the photosynthetically active radiation incident on leaf surface (Qi), in spite of high genotipic variation. Interesting results were achieved when an empirical multiplicative model was used. The model relating A or gs with Qi and with leaf-to-air water vapour pressure deficit inside the chamber (VPDL) was tested for both genotypes and showed a negative influence of the latter on the stomatal behavior and consequently on A. Such effect was more pronounced in BGD than in MYD. These and others relationships involving leaf gas exchange and microclimatic variables in coconut palm trees are discussed

Water vapour pressure above saturated salt solutions at low temperatures

1999 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Morillon ◽  
F Debeaufort ◽  
J Jose ◽  
J.F Tharrault ◽  
M Capelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Salt Solutions

The Study of Evaporation from Small Surfaces by the Direct Measurement of Water Vapour Pressure Gradients

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-762
Author(s):  
JOHN MACHIN
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Point Method ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Experimental Values

1. The construction, maintenance and calibration of a sensitive instrument capable of making numerous vapour-pressure measurements within humidity gradients by the dew-point method is described. 2. Coefficients of diffusion of water vapour in air, calculated from observed vapour-pressure gradients and measured rates of evaporation agree with theoretical and other experimental values in still air. 3. Apparent coefficients in wind speeds between 10 and 100 cm/s were significantly lower than those in still air. 4. This finding, together with the performance of the dew-point probe, is discussed in relation to its possible use in the study of evaporation from animals and plants.

scholarly journals Properties of hydrated TiO2 and SiO2 nanoclusters: dependence on size, temperature and water vapour pressure

Nanoscale ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 21518-21532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Cuko ◽  
Antoni Macià Escatllar ◽  
Monica Calatayud ◽  
Stefan T. Bromley
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Nano Silica

The stabilities and properties of globally optimised (TiO2)M(H2O)N and (SiO2)M(H2O)N clusters with M = 4–16 and a range of N/M ratios are studied with respect temperature and water vapour pressure. Our systematic study provides a comparative reference for understanding hydration of nano-silica and nano-titania.

Study of the reaction CaSO4.½H2O (β-hemihydrate) = CaSO4 (β-soluble anhydrite)+½H2O in the temperature range 20–100° C

1965 ◽  
Vol 34 (268) ◽  
pp. 327-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. C. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Hydration Reaction ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Dehydration Reactions ◽  
Adsorption Of Water ◽  
Hydration And Dehydration

SummaryA thermogravimetric vacuum microbalance has been used to study the reaction between β-soluble anhydrite and water vapour in the temperature range 20–100° C. Equilibrium water-vapour pressures for the hydration reaction in this temperature range were determined directly and have been compared with available data obtained by Kelly, Southard, and Anderson (1941) in the temperature range 80–120° C. The kinetics of the hydration and dehydration reactions have also been studied in a series of isothermal experiments with varying water-vapour pressure. These experiments indicate that in a vapour-pressure range close to the equilibrium value very low rates for both hydration and dehydration are observed. Outside this range of vapour pressures both hydration and dehydration rates increase suddenly and show an approximately linear increase with imposed water-vapour pressure.At low temperatures (25° C) the dehydration reaction has an associated activation energy of approximately 10 kcal mole−1. In the same temperature range additional, physical adsorption of water vapour by the specimen was noted.

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