Central Obesity, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Cognitive Change in the Study of Latinos: Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ariana M. Stickel ◽  
Wassim Tarraf ◽  
Kevin A. Gonzalez ◽  
Carmen R. Isasi ◽  
Robert Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Neurocognitive Aging

Background: The relationships between obesity and cognitive decline in aging are mixed and understudied among Hispanics/Latinos. Objective: To understand associations between central obesity, cognitive aging, and the role of concomitant cardiometabolic abnormalities among Hispanics/Latinos. Methods: Participants included 6,377 diverse Hispanics/Latinos enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) and SOL-Investigation for Neurocognitive Aging (SOL-INCA). Participants were 45 years and older at the first cognitive testing session (Visit 1). Cognitive outcomes (z-score units) included global composite and domain specific (learning, memory, executive functioning, processing speed) measures at a second visit (SOL-INCA, on average, 7 years later), and 7-year change. We used survey linear regression to examine associations between central obesity (waist circumference≥88 cm and≥102 cm for women and men, respectively) and cognition. We also tested whether the relationships between obesity and cognition differed by cardiometabolic status (indication of/treatment for 2 + of the following: high triglycerides, hypertension, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Results: Central obesity was largely unassociated with cognitive outcomes, adjusting for covariates. However, among individuals with central obesity, cardiometabolic abnormality was linked to poorer cognitive function at SOL-INCA (ΔGlobalCognition =–0.165, p < 0.001) and to more pronounced cognitive declines over the average 7 years (ΔGlobalCognition = –0.109, p < 0.05); this was consistent across cognitive domains. Conclusion: Central obesity alone was not associated with cognitive function. However, presence of both central obesity and cardiometabolic abnormalities was robustly predictive of cognition and 7-year cognitive declines, suggesting that in combination these factors may alter the cognitive trajectories of middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 780-781
Author(s):  
Andrea Rosso ◽  
Jennifer Manly
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Racial and ethnic disparities in age-related cognitive function and dementia risk in the US are well recognized. However, the psychosocial drivers of these disparities and underlying mechanisms are less well studied. This symposium will highlight novel research regarding our current understanding of racial/ethnic differences in brain and cognitive aging and the underlying mechanisms of the disparities. Frist, two papers will describe results regarding racial/ethnic differences in cognitive function and brain aging markers. Few studies have assessed racial/ethnic differences in cognitive function across age groups. Indira Turney will utilize data from a multigenerational study to explore how age impacts racial/ethnic differences in cognitive function. Underlying brain mechanisms of racial/ethnic differences in cognitive outcomes are also not well defined. Sara Godina will present a systematic review of racial/ethnic differences in structural markers of brain aging and neuropathology. Second, three papers will explore how various risk factors may explain the racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive outcomes. Melissa Lamar will demonstrate the differential associations of various blood pressure indicators with cognitive change among black older adults. B. Gwen Windham will present data from two studies that illustrate differential effects of common risk factors by race and region, highlighting inherent difficulties in race-place disparity research. Finally, Laura Zahodne will present results on how psychosocial factors, beyond socioeconomic status, contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive function. Jen Manly will lead a discussion on the implications of these results for the future of dementia prevention efforts for an increasingly diverse older US population.

scholarly journals Differential effects of body mass index on domain-specific cognitive outcomes after stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minwoo Lee ◽  
Mi Sun Oh ◽  
San Jung ◽  
Ju-Hun Lee ◽  
Chul-Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Word Fluency ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Z Scores

AbstractAlthough the obesity paradox is an important modifiable factor in cardiovascular diseases, little research has been conducted to determine how it affects post-stroke cognitive function. We aimed to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and domain-specific cognitive outcomes, focusing on the subdivision of each frontal domain function in post-ischemic stroke survivors. A total of 335 ischemic stroke patients were included in the study after completion of the Korean-Mini Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE) and the vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards neuropsychological protocol at 3 months after stroke. Frontal lobe functions were analyzed using semantic/phonemic fluency, processing speed, and mental set shifting. Our study participants were categorized into four groups according to BMI quartiles. The z-scores of K-MMSE at 3 months differed significantly between the groups after adjustment for initial stroke severity (p = 0.014). Global cognitive function in stroke survivors in the Q1 (the lowest quartile) BMI group was significantly lower than those in Q2 and Q4 (the highest quartile) BMI groups (K-MMSE z-scores, Q1: − 2.10 ± 3.40 vs. Q2: 0.71 ± 1.95 and Q4: − 1.21 ± 1.65). Controlled oral word association test findings indicated that phonemic and semantic word fluency was lower in Q4 BMI group participants than in Q2 BMI group participants (p = 0.016 and p = 0.023 respectively). BMI might differentially affect cognitive domains after ischemic stroke. Although being underweight may negatively affect global cognition post-stroke, obesity could induce frontal lobe dysfunctions, specifically phonemic and semantic word fluency.

scholarly journals Effects of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene on Memory and Other Cognitive Abilities: Cognition in the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (31) ◽  
pp. 5144-5152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine Legault ◽  
Pauline M. Maki ◽  
Susan M. Resnick ◽  
Laura Coker ◽  
Patricia Hogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Modulators ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The One

Purpose To compare the effects of two selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen and raloxifene, on global and domain-specific cognitive function. Patients and Methods The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project's Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) study was a randomized clinical trial of tamoxifen 20 mg/d or raloxifene 60 mg/d in healthy postmenopausal women at increased risk of breast cancer. The 1,498 women who were randomly assigned in STAR were age 65 years and older, were not diagnosed with dementia, and were enrolled onto the Cognition in the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (Co-STAR) trial, beginning 18 months after STAR enrollment started. A cognitive test battery modeled after the one used in the Women's Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging (WHISCA) was administered. Technicians were centrally trained to administer the battery and recertified every 6 months. Analyses were conducted on all participants and on 273 women who completed the first cognitive battery before they started taking their medications. Results Overall, there were no significant differences in adjusted mean cognitive scores between the two treatment groups across visits. There were significant time effects across the three visits for some of the cognitive measures. Similar results were obtained for the subset of women with true baseline measures. Conclusion Tamoxifen and raloxifene are associated with similar patterns of cognitive function in postmenopausal women at increased risk of breast cancer. Future comparisons between these findings and patterns of cognitive function in hormone therapy and placebo groups in WHISCA should provide additional insights into the effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene on cognitive function in older women.

scholarly journals EXPLORING SEX DIFFERENCES IN COGNITION IN OLDER BLACKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S543-S543
Author(s):  
DeAnnah R Byrd ◽  
Roland J Thorpe ◽  
Keith E Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Future Research

Abstract Previous literature suggest that women experience more dementia than men. However, it is unclear what accounts for these differences and whether sex differences exist among Blacks over time. We hypothesize that Black women will have worse cognitive outcomes than men and smoking may potentially explain these differences. Longitudinal data from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging-Patterns of Cognitive Aging was used to assess cognitive change over 33 months in five domains. The sample consisted of 602 community-dwelling Blacks, aged 48-92 years at baseline and 450 at follow-up. Findings indicated that Black women reported better vocabulary, working and verbal memory than Black men, controlling for age, education, smoking, and health status. These findings suggest that Black women may have some cognitive advantages in mid to later life compared to Black men. Future research should continue exploring longitudinal sex differences in cognitive domains among Blacks and the underlying drivers of these differences.

Abstract 34: Cognitive Outcomes Following Intracranial Injection of SB623 Cells in Patients with Stable Ischemic Strokes

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L Kenmuir ◽  
Vivek K Reddy ◽  
Carol Stilley ◽  
Penelope Zeifert ◽  
Gary K Steinberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Logical Memory ◽  
Intracranial Injection

Background: Ischemic stroke remains a major cause of disability with 90% of patients achieving no improvement after 90 days. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of intraparenchymal administration of SB623 cells in chronic stroke. SB623 cells are adult bone-marrow-derived cells transfected with a plasmid encoding the intracellular domain of Notch-1 and have been shown to secrete factors that protect neurons in animal models. Methods: Patients with hemiparesis from stable subcortical ischemic stroke and NIHSS > 7 received intracranial injection of 2.5, 5 or 10 million SB623 cells. Clinical outcome measures including NIHSS, MRS, ESS, FMA and cognitive testing including Rey verbal learning and figure copy, digit vigilance, digit-symbol coding, trails, logical memory, word association, Stroop interference and letter-number sequencing were recorded at baseline and then repeated at 6 and 12 months. Results: 18 patients were enrolled, 11 had complete data available for analysis. There was improvement from 0-12 months in Rey verbal learning (p = 0.033); and from 0-6 months in categorical word association (p = 0.014), which was affected by cell dose (p = 0.043). Patients with cortical versus deep infarcts showed more improvement on Rey figure immediate (p = 0.01) and delayed recall (p = 0.014), and digit-symbol coding (p = 0.042). Patients with left-sided infarcts showed more improvement on logical memory (T1 p = 0.038, T2 p = 0.008), but worsened performance on letter number sequencing (p = 0.046). Conclusions: Intraparenchymal injection of SB623 cells in chronic ischemic strokes resulted in improvement of some measures of cognitive function. Further investigation of cognitive function in stem cell therapy for stroke is warranted.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns and trajectories of global and domain-specific cognitive decline in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Janie Corley ◽  
Ian J. Deary
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Lothian Birth Cohort

Abstract Healthy dietary patterns may protect against age-related cognitive decline but results of studies have been inconsistent and few have had extensive longitudinal follow-up with comprehensive cognitive testing. The aim of the present study was to determine associations of dietary patterns with trajectories of global and domain-specific cognitive change over a 12-year period. Data from 863 community-dwelling, dementia-free participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study of ageing completed a food frequency questionnaire at baseline (aged 70) and underwent cognitive testing at baseline, age 73, 76, 79, and 82. Composite cognitive scores were constructed for four cognitive domains (visuospatial ability, processing speed, memory, and verbal ability) and global cognitive function. A Mediterranean-style pattern and a traditional pattern were derived using principal component analysis of self-reported dietary intakes. In fully-adjusted latent growth curve models, higher baseline adherence to the Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (β = 0.056, P = 0.009) and lower baseline adherence to the traditional dietary pattern (β = -0.087, P < 0.001) were cross-sectionally associated with better verbal ability. A slightly steeper decline in verbal ability over 12 years was observed in those with higher Mediterranean-style diet scores at baseline (β = -0.003, P = 0.008). All other associations were non-significant. Our findings in this well-characterised Scottish cohort indicate that adherence to a healthy Mediterranean-style diet is associated cross-sectionally with better verbal (crystallised) ability, with the converse being true for the traditional diet. A healthier baseline diet did not predict a reduced risk of global or domain-specific cognitive decline.

scholarly journals Does bilingualism protect against cognitive aging?

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Wei-Ming Watson ◽  
Jennifer J. Manly ◽  
Laura B. Zahodne
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Level Versus

Abstract Recent studies of bilingualism as a protective factor in cognitive aging have reported conflicting findings, and researchers have begun to explore the methodological complications that may explain differences across studies. This article details the current research landscape and addresses several issues relevant to the study of bilingualism and late-life cognitive function: study design, establishing causal relationships, confounding factors, operationalizing bilingualism, predicting cognitive level versus cognitive change, and incorporating brain structural variables to interrogate cognitive reserve.

scholarly journals Cognitive Aging and Dementia: A Life-Span Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Dementia Research ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Child Cognitive Development

This review summarizes empirical findings and theoretical concepts in cognitive aging and late-life dementia research, with emphases on ( a) person-to-person heterogeneity in trajectories of cognitive change over time, ( b) how trajectories of child cognitive development determine peak levels of adult cognitive function from which aging-related cognitive declines occur, and ( c) how lifelong trajectories of cognitive function relate to the timing of severe cognitive impairments characteristic of dementia. I consider conceptual issues surrounding categorical versus dimensional models of late-life dementia and discuss how current diagnostic approaches affect inferences in the empirical study of disease progression. Together, the incomplete current understanding of the biological foundations of aging-related cognitive declines and the continuous nature of many biomarkers commonly used in dementia diagnosis and classification pose both opportunities and challenges in the current research landscape. Future research will benefit from accurately measuring and analyzing continuous variation in longitudinal trajectories of cognitive function.

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