N-acteyl cysteine alleviates oxidative damage to central nervous system of ApoE-deficient mice following folate and vitamin E-deficiency

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flaubert Tchantchou ◽  
Michael Graves ◽  
Eugene Rogers ◽  
Daniela Ortiz ◽  
Thomas B. Shea
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Vitamin E Deficiency ◽  
Deficient Mice

scholarly journals Encephalitic Alphaviruses Exploit Caveola-Mediated Transcytosis at the Blood-Brain Barrier for Central Nervous System Entry

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Salimi ◽  
Matthew D. Cain ◽  
Xiaoping Jiang ◽  
Robyn A. Roth ◽  
Wandy L. Beatty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Type I ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Venezuelan and western equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV and WEEV, respectively) invade the central nervous system (CNS) early during infection, via neuronal and hematogenous routes. While viral replication mediates host shutoff, including expression of type I interferons (IFN), few studies have addressed how alphaviruses gain access to the CNS during established infection or the mechanisms of viral crossing at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we show that hematogenous dissemination of VEEV and WEEV into the CNS occurs via caveolin-1 (Cav-1)-mediated transcytosis (Cav-MT) across an intact BBB, which is impeded by IFN and inhibitors of RhoA GTPase. Use of reporter and nonreplicative strains also demonstrates that IFN signaling mediates viral restriction within cells comprising the neurovascular unit (NVU), differentially rendering brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes permissive to viral replication. Transmission and immunoelectron microscopy revealed early events in virus internalization and Cav-1 association within brain endothelial cells. Cav-1-deficient mice exhibit diminished CNS VEEV and WEEV titers during early infection, whereas viral burdens in peripheral tissues remained unchanged. Our findings show that alphaviruses exploit Cav-MT to enter the CNS and that IFN differentially restricts this process at the BBB. IMPORTANCE VEEV, WEEV, and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) are emerging infectious diseases in the Americas, and they have caused several major outbreaks in the human and horse population during the past few decades. Shortly after infection, these viruses can infect the CNS, resulting in severe long-term neurological deficits or death. Neuroinvasion has been associated with virus entry into the CNS directly from the bloodstream; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that following peripheral infection alphavirus augments vesicular formation/trafficking at the BBB and utilizes Cav-MT to cross an intact BBB, a process regulated by activators of Rho GTPases within brain endothelium. In vivo examination of early viral entry in Cav-1-deficient mice revealed significantly lower viral burdens in the brain than in similarly infected wild-type animals. These studies identify a potentially targetable pathway to limit neuroinvasion by alphaviruses.

scholarly journals Critical Role for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1 in Controlling Infection of Central Nervous System Glia and Demyelination by Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (16) ◽  
pp. 8335-8346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Massa ◽  
Stacie L. Ropka ◽  
Sucharita Saha ◽  
Karen L. Fecenko ◽  
Kathryn L. Beuler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Protein Tyrosine ◽  
Normal Littermate ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT We previously characterized the expression and function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in the glia of the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we describe the role of SHP-1 in virus infection of glia and virus-induced demyelination in the CNS. For in vivo studies, SHP-1-deficient mice and their normal littermates received an intracerebral inoculation of an attenuated strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). At various times after infection, virus replication, TMEV antigen expression, and demyelination were monitored. It was found that the CNS of SHP-1-deficient mice uniquely displayed demyelination and contained substantially higher levels of virus than did that of normal littermate mice. Many infected astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were detected in both brains and spinal cords of SHP-1-deficient but not normal littermate mice, showing that the virus replicated and spread at a much higher rate in the glia of SHP-1-deficient animals. To ascertain whether the lack of SHP-1 in the glia was primarily responsible for these differences, glial samples from these mice were cultured in vitro and infected with TMEV. As in vivo, infected astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of SHP-1-deficient mice were much more numerous and produced more virus than did those of normal littermate mice. These findings indicate that SHP-1 is a critical factor in controlling virus replication in the CNS glia and virus-induced demyelination.

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