scholarly journals Loving robots changing love: Towards a practical deficiency-love

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Henrik Skaug Sætra
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
In The Wild

Robots are today made not only to assist us in menial tasks and routine labour but also provide companionship and love. This has generated much academic and public interest, and people have asked whether robots can love, whether human–robot relationships are possible, and whether humans can develop loving affection for robots. These are all important questions, but I approach the issues from another perspective: can robots made for love change our very understanding of love? By treating love as a cultural and malleable phenomenon, I explore the possibility of it being changed a) to accommodate robots, and b) as a consequence of how robots love us. The first regards the quest to understand what love is and our current tendency to understand phenomena in light of the computer or computational metaphor of human beings. The second involves an examination of how robots are produced to love, and what this form of love might lead to in the wild. Rather than asking if robots can live up to human ideals, I ask if humans will live down – or it might be up – to robot ideals. Using Abraham Maslow’s distinction between being love and deficiency love as an example, I argue that love robots might take us to a place where deficiency love and a growing expectancy of one-sided worship changes the content of love as a cultural phenomenon.

Catalogues of exhibitions in Florence 1977-1986

1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
European Capital Of Culture ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
High Level

A study undertaken by art librarians in Florence demonstrates that catalogues of exhibitions held in Florence during the decade culminating in the city’s designation as the European Capital of Culture offer clear evidence of the development of art exhibitions into a cultural phenomenon attracting considerable interest, supported by (and promoting the interests of) public and commercial bodies. In the same period, restoration has continued its rise to prominence, both as an added dimension to art exhibitions and as a subject of exhibitions in its own right; this trend reflects not only a high level of activity in the field of restoration but also an awakening of public interest in the process of restoration. Museums, sometimes in close collaboration with publishers, have learned how to use exhibitions and catalogues both to publicise and to further continuing study of their collections. The catalogue has become a substantial vehicle of art documentation and scholarship, an autonomous publication, no longer simply a guide to the exhibition.

Rausch

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Moral Duty ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
German Word ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Interdisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The University

From the earliest periods of history human beings have used mind-altering substances. In addition, in almost all religions we find techniques for meditation which may induce states of trance or ecstasy which serve to facilitate experiencing the divine. Yet in many societies, trance, ecstasy and even intoxication are taboo unless they are practiced in social spaces authorized for their use, like nightclubs, or where they are seen as culturally productive, as in the visual arts, music, or literature. Further complicating matters, the legitimacy of drug-induced mind-altering states is controversial among jurists, educators, and physicians. Those arguing in favour often point to the alleged religious basis of Rausch, while those opposing this right often cite a moral duty to sobriety. Whether religious, reckless, chemically induced or all of these, the whole constellation of phenomena is encompassed by the single German word Rausch. In 2019, a series of lectures delivered at the University of Bonn focused on the societal ambivalences surrounding Rausch from an interdisciplinary perspective – as a religious, psychological, social, legal, and cultural phenomenon. The results of this extraordinary series are documented in this volume. With contributions by Clemens Albrecht, Christoph Antweiler, Andreas Bell, Walter Bruchhausen, Robert Feustel, Dorothee Gall, Albert Gerhards, Tobias Janz, Jörg Kinzig, Wolfram Kinzig, Alexandra Philipsen, Irmgard Rüsenberg, Markus Saur, Jochen Sautermeister, Detlef Siegfried, Christoph Schreier, Birgitta Sträter, Nathalie Thies.

scholarly journals AN APPRAISAL ON THE OBLIGATION OF COMPANIES TO PAY ZAKAT: THE MALAYSIAN LAW AND SHARIAH PERSPECTIVES

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazri Ramli ◽  
Zuhairah Ariff Abdul Ghadas
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Religious Obligation

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam, obligatory upon human beings who believe in Allah and His Messenger (PBUH). It refers to the determined share of wealth prescribed by Allah as an act of worship to be distributed to a certain group of beneficiaries (al-Asnaf). The consideration of its great objectives (al-Maqasid) in Islam, among others, public interest and social justice to the Muslim society influences contemporary Muslim jurists to uphold the obligation of companies to pay zakat as issued in their fatwas and resolutions. In Malaysia, several fatwas and resolutions issued by the religious fatwa councils clearly impose this religious obligation on the corporations as their business zakat (Urudh al-Tijarah) which are legally registered under the Companies Act 2016. This paper discusses the obligation of companies to pay zakat from Malaysian law and Shariah perspectives. It aims to analyze whether it is legally viable for corporations registered under the Companies Act 2016 which adopts the English common law to be obligated to pay zakat. The finding shows that the current legal structure of a corporation does not conform to the Shariah principles in relation to zakat obligation. It demands certain modifications to the current framework and hence, the current fatwas in imposing zakat on the corporations in Malaysia are proposed to be reviewed and revisited. Research methodology applied in this paper is doctrinal and statutory analysis.

Environmental ethics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Environmental Ethic ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Living Things ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moral Respect

Theories of ethics try to answer the question, ‘How ought we to live?’. An environmental ethic refers to our natural surroundings in giving the answer. It may claim that all natural things and systems are of value in their own right and worthy of moral respect. A weaker position is the biocentric one, arguing that living things merit moral consideration. An ethic which restricts the possession of moral value to human persons can still be environmental. Such a view may depict the existence of certain natural values as necessary for the flourishing of present and future generations of human beings. Moral respect for animals has been discussed since the time of the pre-Socratic philosophers, while the significance to our wellbeing of the natural environment has been pondered since the time of Kant and Rousseau. The relation of the natural to the built environment, and the importance of place, is a central feature of the philosophy of Heidegger. Under the impact of increasing species loss and land clearance, the work on environmental ethics since the 1970s has focused largely on one specific aspect of the environment – nature in the wild.

Terminal Loyalties in a Mexican Community

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
The State ◽  
Psychological Development ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Collective Interest ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mexican Community ◽  
Political Units ◽  
Political Communities ◽  
Distinct Body

The psychological development of most human beings leads to the emergence of feelings of “belongingness” vis-à-vis certain social groupings. I shall denote such feelings by the term “loyalties.” With the emergence of the state, and increasingly on into the contemporary era, an attempt has been made by these maximal-sized, territorial-based political units, to develop a state-focused civic sense within their respective societies. According to Geertz (1963: 156), the civic sense involves “a definite concept of the public as a separate and distinct body and an attendant notion of a genuine public interest, which though not necessarily superior to, is independent of and at times even in conflict with both private and other sorts of collective interest.” However, within the confines of already existing states may be smaller territorial units who view themselves as political communities with their own publics.

scholarly journals Birds that are more commonly encountered in the wild attract higher public interest online

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Mittermeier ◽  
Uri Roll ◽  
Thomas J. Matthews ◽  
Ricardo Correia ◽  
Rich Grenyer
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
In The Wild

A look at Mayan artificial cranial deformation practices: morphological and cultural aspects [RETRACTED]

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. E2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Romero-Vargas ◽  
José Luis Ruiz-Sandoval ◽  
Arturo Sotomayor-González ◽  
Rogelio Revuelta-Gutiérrez ◽  
Miguel Angel Celis-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Bone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Alteration ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anthropological Literature ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Over Time

Induced deformation of the cranial vault is one form of permanent alteration of the body that has been performed by human beings from the beginning of history as a way of differentiating from others. These procedures have been observed in different cultures, but were particularly widespread in Mesoamerica. The authors examined and reviewed the historical and anthropological literature of intentional deformation practices in Mayan culture. The Mayans performed different types of cranial deformations and used different techniques and instruments to deform children's heads. The most remarkable morphological alteration is seen in the flattening of the frontal bone. Some archeological investigations link deformation types with specific periods. This article provides a glance at the cultural environment of the Mayans and demonstrates the heterogeneity of this interesting cultural phenomenon, which has changed over time.

scholarly journals The Objectives of Shariah in Will: A Case Study of As-Salihin Trustee Company

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
International Journal of Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh Studies
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Law ◽  
Made In ◽  
Good Deeds

Will (waṣiyyah) is a gift of property or a gift of the benefits of property which is established after the death of the testator. It is valid irrespective of it being made in a state of health or during the final illness. It was well known before Islam, but Islam introduced conditions for it, which did not exist in the past. In the pre-Islamic era, the owner of property simply used to make a will to whomever he wished and deprived whomever he wanted. This is why the will had no value during that era, till Islam came and approved it under certain conditions. The wisdom of Islamic Shariah requires the consideration of public interest in its various legislations. So, the Shariah always aims to achieve all those aspects whose benefits are well established, and to prevent all those aspects whose harms are well established. One of these legislations is making wills because human beings need it. This paper highlights the objectives of will, such as the Law Giver neither closed the door of doing good deeds, nor did He prevent from rectifying what is missing. So, He permitted His servants to make wills over a portion of their property, so that they can make up for their short comings and increase their good deeds before their deaths. This objective of will appears in the activities of the As-Salihin Trustee Company.

Why is it Unethical to use Chimpanzees in the Laboratory?

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
Human Brains

Chimpanzees are more like humans than any other living beings, differing in the composition of their DNA by just over one per cent. There are striking similarities in the anatomy and wiring of the chimpanzee and human brains and central nervous systems. Thus, it should not be surprising to find that there are also striking similarities in the social behaviour, emotional needs and expressions, and cognitive abilities of chimpanzees and humans. These similarities have become increasingly apparent during the last 15 years. Chimpanzees in the wild develop close affectionate bonds between family members that may persist throughout their lifetime of 50 years or more, and examples of true altruism, when individuals protect or even save the lives of non-related companions. Chimpanzees use many objects as tools, and tool-using behaviours differ from place to place across their range. Indeed, there are a number of behaviours that vary between different groups — evidence of cultural traditions passed from one generation to the next through observational learning and imitation. Thus, chimpanzees have a very special relationship with humans. A healthy adult chimpanzee is more similar to a healthy adult human in the expression of the intellect than a brain-damaged human, yet in many medical research facilities, chimpanzees are maintained in bleak, bare cages measuring only 5’ x 5’ x 7'. They may remain in these prisons for life. We do not treat hardened human killers so badly in our society today—there would be a public outcry if we did. I feel strongly that the use of a being so like us, as a human guinea-pig, is not morally justified, and to that end the Jane Goodall Institute has been involved in three workshops with the aim of clarifying the extent to which they are seen to be useful in diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS research. There is no consensus among scientists regarding their usefulness at the present time. If the proposed experiments of transplanting chimpanzee bone marrow tissue into AIDS patients go ahead in the Netherlands, it will be a sad blow for chimpanzee liberation. The attitude of those who believe that any use of non-human primates can be justified provided it results in some benefit, or expected benefit, to humankind, is of precisely the same mind set as that which once allowed us to exploit human beings of another race and use them as slaves. Once we admit that chimpanzees have minds and feelings, are capable of sadness, fear and despair, are able to feel pain, show altruism, and are capable of communicating with each other and with humans in a man-made language, we have to ask serious questions, initially of ourselves, as to whether we should continue to use them in medical research.

scholarly journals Nearly Extinct in the Wild: The Vulnerable Transparency of the Endangered Species List

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Endangered Species Act ◽  
Government Information ◽  
Species List ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Transparency ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Agency Action

This article reconstructs the Endangered Species Act as a government information statute. That Act makes use of an official list of vulnerable creatures that is used for agency action to save them from extinction. This article argues that the official list of species is not sufficiently accurate or transparent to citizens, so the compilation of that list does not satisfy the public interest goals of American environmental law or government transparency policy.

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