Chapter 8. Fundaments of Branching Heuristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Kullmann
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Combinatorial Problems ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Search Trees ◽  
Sat Solving ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
Branching Trees

“Search trees”, “branching trees”, “backtracking trees” or “enumeration trees” are at the heart of many (complete) approaches towards hard combinatorial problems, constraint problems, and, of course, SAT problems. Given many choices for branching, the fundamental question is how to guide the choices so that the resulting trees are (relatively) small. Despite (or perhaps because) of its apparently more narrow scope, especially in the SAT area several approaches from theory and applications have found together, and the rudiments of a theory of branching heuristics emerged. In this chapter the first systematic treatment is given. So a general theory of heuristics guiding the construction of “branching trees” is developed, ranging from a general theoretical analysis to the analysis of the historical development of branching heuristics for SAT solvers, and also to heuristics beyond SAT solving.

Deutscher, Lenin and the East-European Perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Tamás Krausz
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
State Socialism ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
East European ◽  
Marxist Analysis

The article introduces the reception of Isaac Deutscher’s work in Eastern Europe in a historical context and shows how deeply this reception was connected to the various transformations of the system, which had been established after the victory of the Russian October Revolution. The author gives a Marxist analysis of the historical development of state socialism and the various changes in Eastern-European Marxist thought which accompanied this history. He belongs to that school of thought which defines this system as state socialism, and he gives a theoretical analysis of its main characteristics, adding that 1989 failed to fulfil the expectations and hopes of many Western and Eastern-European Marxists.

scholarly journals Mempertegas Kembali Arah Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-64
Author(s):  
Dony Handriawan
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Alternative Solution ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

The historical development of the Arabic language in Indonesia can not be separated from the spread of Islam which is the most dominant followed by Indonesian society itself. This has an impact on the development of Arabic learning today, that look is still far from the expected. It seems that view of the cultural and religious patterns of Indonesia in the early 19th century that are still at the level of mythic and theological, less positive effect on the future of Arabic learning in today’s contemporary world. How is the relationship between religion and its influence on the development of the Arabic language, especially in Indonesia will be described in this paper? By using the theory of van Peursen culture and Comte as theoretical analysis, the author tries to find a possible alternative solution of some negative effects in the mythic dimensions of such view, by emphasizing the positive aspects.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of the development of historical stages of basketball in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
L. Balatska ◽  
V. Holovachuk
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Technical Maintenance ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Generalization Of Data

Goal of research: to analyze the stages of historical development of basketball from the period of the first mention on the territory of Ukraine until the present. To solve the tasks set in the work, the following research methods were used: theoretical analysis and generalization of data of scientific methodological literature; historical and logical methods. Research findings. Six historical stages are singled out. The first stage of basketball development in Ukraine (1891-1918) - the period of its origin, the first appearance of basketball within the country; The ІІ-nd stage of formation - 1918-1941 - the second wave of the introduction of basketball in Ukraine; the III-d Stage - the period of development and stability (1944-1960); The IV-th historical stage - the period of Olympic heights (1961-1975); the V-th period (1976-1990) - flourishing, recognition in the world, Ukrainians are represented in the national teams of the USSR. Men's teams are among the best at the USSR championships. VI-th historical stage (period of independence of Ukraine from 1991 to 2019) - the development of basketball during the independence of Ukraine, the organization of the first domestic championships, including professional. Conclusions. Over the years towards the development, basketball has experienced ups and downs, however now we are watching the Championships of Ukraine, which have grown not only quantitatively but also qualitatively. Technical maintenance of competitions is at a high enough level, however the problem of playgrounds, halls remains - it is an actual issue for FBU that gives the big expectation for prospects of development of basketball in our country.

scholarly journals Historia jurídica de las indicaciones geográficas: una perspectiva desde la gestión de la comunicación en las instituciones/ Juridical history of the geographical indications: a perspective from the institutional communication management.

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 07
Author(s):  
Marta Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Geographical Indications ◽  
Communication Management ◽  
Normative Development ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
Institutional Communication ◽  
National Perspective

El desarrollo histórico de las indicaciones geográficas protegidas a nivel internacional, comunitario y nacional ha supuesto el surgimiento de determinadas fórmulas de protección que coexisten en la actualidad describiendo diversos grados de protección jurídica atendiendo al grado de vinculación existente entre las características diferenciadoras del producto protegido y su origen geográfico o su zona de procedencia. A través del análisis teórico fundamentado sobre fuentes secundarias, bibliográficas y legislativas, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es identificar el desarrollo normativo de las indicaciones geográficas protegidas tratando de identificar las ventajas diferenciales derivadas de su adopción y sus consecuencias desde la perspectiva de la gestión de la comunicación institucional. Los resultados evidencian que la adopción de una indicación geográfica protegida favorece el establecimiento de un sistema de comunicación institucional bidireccional sustentado en la gestión de las relaciones con los públicos.The historical development of the geographical protected indications from an international, European and national perspective has supposed the emergence of certain formulae of protection that coexist at present describing diverse degrees of juridical protection attending to the relation between the specific characteristics of the protected product and his geographical origin. Across the theoretical analysis based on secondary, bibliographical and legislative sources, the principal aim of this work is to identify the normative development of the geographical protected indications trying to identify the differential advantages derived from his adoption and his consequences from the perspective of the management of the institutional communication. The results demonstrate that the adoption of a geographical protected indication favors the establishment of a system of institutional bidirectional communication sustained in the management of the relations with the publics.

SYNCHRONIZATION OF CLOCKS COUPLED BY NEUROTRANSMITTER IN THE SCN

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 1350006 ◽  
Author(s):  
YING LI ◽  
ZENGRONG LIU
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
Phase Synchronization ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Circadian Pacemaker ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Circadian Oscillators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is considered as the master circadian pacemaker. Each cell in the SCN contains an autonomous molecular clock, and the SCN is composed of multiple single-cell circadian oscillators. The fundamental question is how the individual cellular oscillators, expressing a wide range of periods, interact and assemble to achieve phase synchronization. In natural conditions, the interaction between the SCN neurons is non-negligible and coupling between cells in the SCN is achieved partly by neurotransmitters. Though there have been a lot of works about the synchronization of circadian oscillators coupled by neurotransmitter, most of the works are based on numerical simulation with little theoretical analysis. In this paper, from the theoretical analysis, we prove that the clocks can be synchronized by the neurotransmitter with mathematical knowledge. Our results also show that the coupling among neurons can synchronize circadian oscillators but the synchronized oscillators are not with period of 24 h, which indicates that environmental cues are necessary to entrain oscillators with period of 24 h. This work can offer theoretical basis to study circadian synchronization in a numerical or experimental way.

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