Wall shear stress in the human eye microcirculation in vivo, segmental heterogeneity and performance of in vitro cerebrovascular models

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristotle G. Koutsiaris
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Segmental Heterogeneity

Design and Analysis of a Shear Stress Sensor for Microcirculation Investigations (Invited Paper)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa Robinson ◽  
Lynn Fuller ◽  
Harvey Palmer ◽  
Mary Frame
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Computational Technique ◽  
Flow Modification ◽  
Stress Sensors ◽  
Shear Stress Sensors ◽  
Wall Shear

Blood flow regulation in the microvascular network has been investigated by means of computational fluid dynamics, in vivo particle tracking and microchannel models. It is evident from these studies that shear stress along the wall is a key factor in the communication network that results in blood flow modification, yet current methods for shear stress determination are acknowledged to be imprecise. Micromachining technology allows for the development of implantable shear stress sensors that will enable us to monitor wall shear stress at multiple locations in arteriole bifurcations. In this study, a microchannel was employed as an in vitro model of a microvessel. Thermal shear stress sensors were used to mimic the endothelial cells that line the vessel wall. A three dimensional computational model was created to simulate the system’s thermal response to the constant temperature control circuit and related wall shear stress. The model geometry included a silicon wafer section with all the fabrication layers — silicon dioxide, poly silicon resistor, silicon nitride — and a microchannel with cross section 17 μm × 17 μm. This computational technique was used to optimize the dimensions of the system for a 0.01 Reynolds number flow at room temperature in order to reduce the amount of heat lost to the substrate and to predict and maximize the signal response. Results of the design optimization are presented and the fabrication process discussed.

Inflammatory Response of Endothelial Cells to Wall Shear Stress in Three Dimensional Stenotic Models

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Rouleau ◽  
Joanna Rossi ◽  
Jean-Claude Tardif ◽  
Rosaire Mongrain ◽  
Richard L. Leask
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Steady Flows ◽  
Wall Shear

Endothelial cells (ECs) are believed to respond differentially to hemodynamic forces in the vascular tree. Once atherosclerotic plaque has formed in a vessel, the obstruction creates complex spatial gradients in wall shear stress (WSS). In vitro models have used mostly unrealistic and simplified geometries, which cannot reproduce accurately physiological conditions. The objective of this study was to expose ECs to the complex WSS pattern created by an asymmetric stenosis. Endothelial cells were grown and exposed for different times to physiological steady flows in straight dynamic controls and in idealized asymmetric stenosis models. Cell morphology was noticeably different in the regions with spatial WSS gradients, being more randomly oriented and of cobblestone shape. Inflammatory molecule expression was also altered by exposure to shear and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was upregulated by its presence. A regional response in terms of inflammation was observed through confocal microscopy. This work provides a more realistic model to study endothelial cell response to spatial and temporal WSS gradients that are present in vivo and is an important advancement towards a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in coronary artery disease.

scholarly journals Combined In Silico and In Vitro Approach Predicts Low Wall Shear Stress Regions in a Hemofilter that Correlate with Thrombus Formation In Vivo

ASAIO Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda K. W. Buck ◽  
Joseph J. Groszek ◽  
Daniel C. Colvin ◽  
Sara B. Keller ◽  
Clark Kensinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Wall Shear

scholarly journals Effect of Roller Pump Pulse in the Arterial Needle Area during Hemodialysis

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2010
Author(s):  
Milos Kasparek ◽  
Ludmila Novakova ◽  
Jan Malik
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Vascular Access ◽  
Peristaltic Pump ◽  
Extracorporeal Circuit ◽  
Injection Point ◽  
In Vitro Experiment ◽  
Wall Shear

Vascular access is a lifeline for hemodialysis patients. Its lifetime is affected by many hemodynamic factors such as pressure, flow regime and wall shear stress. During hemodialysis, changes in hemodynamic parameters occur due to the flow from needles inserted into the vascular system. Primarily, there is a change in shear stress that affects the vascular wall. Pathological effects of high or low WSS are known. The effect of jet from a venous needle on hemodynamics parameters was studied, but the influence of the arterial needle on hemodynamics parameters is not sufficiently studied. To understand its possible effects, we performed in vivo and in vitro studies. Methods. In vivo experiment: The existence of flow reversal around the suction needle was visualized in a group of 12 randomly selected patients using ultrasound velocity profiling (Doppler ultrasonography) during hemodialysis. In vitro experiment: The flow field was measured using the stereo particle image velocimetry method (stereo PIV). Two regimes were studied. In the first regime, the fluid in the extracorporeal circuit was pumped by a peristaltic pump. In the second regime, the continuous pump was used in the extracorporeal circuit. The conditions were set to resemble those in vascular access during a hemodialysis session. Flow volume was set to 600 mL/min for vascular access and 200 mL/min for the extracorporeal circuit. Results. The main finding of this study was that the wall in the region of the arterial needle was stressed by backflow through the arterial needle. Since this was a variable, low-shear stress loading, it was one of the risk factors for the development of stenosis. Cyclic flow reversal was apparent in all of the included hemodialysis patients. The stereo PIV in vitro experiment revealed the oscillating character of wall shear stress (WSS) inside the model. High shear stress was documented upstream of the injection point of the arterial needle. An area of very low WSS was detected right behind the injection point during a pulse of the peristaltic pump. The minimal and maximal values of the WSS during a pulse of the peristaltic pump in the observed area were −0.7 Pa and 6 Pa, respectively. The distribution of wall shear stress with the continual pump used in the extracorporeal circuit was similar to the distribution during a pulse of the peristaltic one. However, the WSS values were continual; the WSS did not oscillate. WSS ranged between 4.8 Pa and 1.0 Pa.

scholarly journals Luminal Flow Actuation Generates Coupled Shear and Strain in a Microvessel-on-Chip

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire A. Dessalles ◽  
Clara Ramón-Lozano ◽  
Avin Babataheri ◽  
Abdul I. Barakat
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Collagen Hydrogel ◽  
Luminal Flow ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
On Chip

AbstractIn the microvasculature, blood flow-derived forces are key regulators of vascular structure and function. Consequently, the development of hydrogel-based microvessel-on-chip systems that strive to mimic the in vivo cellular organization and mechanical environment has received great attention in recent years. However, despite intensive efforts, current microvessel- on-chip systems suffer from several limitations, most notably failure to produce physiologically relevant wall strain levels. In this study, a novel microvessel-on-chip based on the templating technique and using luminal flow actuation to generate physiologically relevant levels of wall shear stress and circumferential stretch is presented. Normal forces induced by the luminal pressure compress the surrounding soft collagen hydrogel, dilate the channel, and create large circumferential strain. The fluid pressure gradient in the system drives flow forward and generates realistic pulsatile wall shear stresses. Rigorous characterization of the system reveals the crucial role played by the poroelastic behavior of the hydrogel in determining the magnitudes of the wall shear stress and strain. The experimental measurements are combined with an analytical model of flow in both the lumen and the porous hydrogel to provide an exceptionally versatile user manual for an application-based choice of parameters in microvessels-on-chip. This unique strategy of flow actuation adds a dimension to the capabilities of microvessel-on-chip systems and provides a more general framework for improving hydrogel-based in vitro engineered platforms.Abstract Figure

scholarly journals An Automatic Braking System That Stabilizes Leukocyte Rolling by an Increase in Selectin Bond Number with Shear

1999 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuqi Chen ◽  
Timothy A. Springer
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Bond Number ◽  
Ligand Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
The Stability

Wall shear stress in postcapillary venules varies widely within and between tissues and in response to inflammation and exercise. However, the speed at which leukocytes roll in vivo has been shown to be almost constant within a wide range of wall shear stress, i.e., force on the cell. Similarly, rolling velocities on purified selectins and their ligands in vitro tend to plateau. This may be important to enable rolling leukocytes to be exposed uniformly to activating stimuli on endothelium, independent of local hemodynamic conditions. Wall shear stress increases the rate of dissociation of individual selectin–ligand tether bonds exponentially (1, 4) thereby destabilizing rolling. We find that this is compensated by a shear-dependent increase in the number of bonds per rolling step. We also find an increase in the number of microvillous tethers to the substrate. This explains (a) the lack of firm adhesion through selectins at low shear stress or high ligand density, and (b) the stability of rolling on selectins to wide variation in wall shear stress and ligand density, in contrast to rolling on antibodies (14). Furthermore, our data successfully predict the threshold wall shear stress below which rolling does not occur. This is a special case of the more general regulation by shear of the number of bonds, in which the number of bonds falls below one.

scholarly journals Variation in wall shear stress in channel networks of zebrafish models

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (127) ◽  
pp. 20160900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woorak Choi ◽  
Hye Mi Kim ◽  
Sungho Park ◽  
Eunseop Yeom ◽  
Junsang Doh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Equivalent Circuit Model ◽  
Zebrafish Model ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
Wall Shear

Physiological functions of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) vary depending on wall shear stress (WSS) magnitude, and the functional change affects the pathologies of various cardiovascular systems. Several in vitro and in vivo models have been used to investigate the functions of ECs under different WSS conditions. However, these models have technical limitations in precisely mimicking the physiological environments of ECs and monitoring temporal variations of ECs in detail. Although zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) has several strategies to overcome these technical limitations, zebrafish cannot be used as a perfect animal model because applying various WSS conditions on blood vessels of zebrafish is difficult. This study proposes a new zebrafish model in which various WSS can be applied to the caudal vein. The WSS magnitude is controlled by blocking some parts of blood-vessel networks. The accuracy and reproducibility of the proposed method are validated using an equivalent circuit model of blood vessels in zebrafish. The proposed method is applied to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated zebrafish as a typical application. The proposed zebrafish model can be used as an in vivo animal model to investigate the relationship between WSS and EC physiology or WSS-induced cardiovascular diseases.

Relating Wall Shear Stress, Bleb Formation and Rupture of Cerebral Aneurysms: Image-Based Modeling and Clinical Observations

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan R. Cebral ◽  
Christopher M. Putman
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Blood Flow Patterns

Cerebral aneurysms are widely believed to form and grow as a result of the interactions of hemodynamics and wall mechano-biology. Researchers have used a variety of tools to study these complex multi-factorial mechanisms including animal, in vitro, and computational models. The goal of these experiments has been to approximate the in vivo environment so that theories about the natural history of brain aneurysms can be developed and tested in realistic systems. Studying the link between hemodynamics and clinical observations of aneurysm progression is necessary to reach an understanding of the relative importance of the different mechanisms involved in these processes [1]. The objective of our research is to investigate the possible relationship between wall shear stress (WSS) — which is known to regulate mechano-biological processes at the arterial wall — produced by different blood flow patterns and the evolution and rupture of cerebral aneurysms.

Wall shear stress estimated with phase contrast MRI in an in vitro and in vivo intracranial aneurysm

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 876-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pim van Ooij ◽  
Wouter V. Potters ◽  
Annetje Guédon ◽  
Joppe J. Schneiders ◽  
Henk A. Marquering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysm ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Phase Contrast Mri ◽  
Wall Shear

scholarly journals Investigation of Wall Shear Stress in Cardiovascular Research and in Clinical Practice—From Bench to Bedside

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5635
Author(s):  
Katharina Urschel ◽  
Miyuki Tauchi ◽  
Stephan Achenbach ◽  
Barbara Dietel
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Cardiovascular Research ◽  
Endothelial Cell Function ◽  
Wall Shear

In the 1900s, researchers established animal models experimentally to induce atherosclerosis by feeding them with a cholesterol-rich diet. It is now accepted that high circulating cholesterol is one of the main causes of atherosclerosis; however, plaque localization cannot be explained solely by hyperlipidemia. A tremendous amount of studies has demonstrated that hemodynamic forces modify endothelial athero-susceptibility phenotypes. Endothelial cells possess mechanosensors on the apical surface to detect a blood stream-induced force on the vessel wall, known as “wall shear stress (WSS)”, and induce cellular and molecular responses. Investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of this process are on-going: on the one hand, hemodynamics in complex vessel systems have been described in detail, owing to the recent progress in imaging and computational techniques. On the other hand, investigations using unique in vitro chamber systems with various flow applications have enhanced the understanding of WSS-induced changes in endothelial cell function and the involvement of the glycocalyx, the apical surface layer of endothelial cells, in this process. In the clinical setting, attempts have been made to measure WSS and/or glycocalyx degradation non-invasively, for the purpose of their diagnostic utilization. An increasing body of evidence shows that WSS, as well as serum glycocalyx components, can serve as a predicting factor for atherosclerosis development and, most importantly, for the rupture of plaques in patients with high risk of coronary heart disease.

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