Dementia Around the World and the Latin America and Mexican Scenarios

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Brito-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World

Dementia has become a major public health concern around the world. Dementia risk factors are significantly different among countries. The number of new cases of dementia anticipated each year worldwide is almost 7.7 million, one new case every four seconds. There are 3.6 million (46%) new cases per year in Asia, 2.3 million (31%) in Europe, 1.2 million (16%) in the Americas, and 0.5 million (7%) in Africa. Latin American and Caribbean low and middle-income countries are at high risk. Air pollution is an important risk modifiable factor for dementia across the world, and the recent report of the Alzheimer’s disease continuum in children and young adults residing in Metropolitan Mexico City along with the presence of cognitive impairment in 55% of the young adult population residing in Mexican cities with fine particulate matter concentrations above the current USEPA annual standard of 12 μg/m3 makes this a severe public health problem in progress. It is imperative to keep generating epidemiological data on dementia worldwide and their relationship with air pollutants to improve the strategies to face all the challenges associated with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in particular. Alzheimer’s disease is a fatal disease, we have no cure, and we ought to invest in protecting our citizens by intervening in modifiable environmental factors.

Current and Future Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (S7) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Salloway
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Treatments ◽  
New Treatments

There are currently >5 million people in the United States who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. That prevalence rate is expected to triple as the population ages. The health and economic burden due to Alzheimer's disease is a worldwide problem, with some of the greatest burden coming from the developing world as people live longer in those societies. Throughout the world, the projected growth of Alzheimer's disease is dramatic. This is a worldwide public health problem of the highest order, and there is a compelling need to develop new treatments and methods of earlier diagnosis need to slow the progression of the disease and lessen its impact.

The Role of Neuroimaging in Fall Prevention in Healthy Adults at Risk of Alzheimer's Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-129
Author(s):  
Albert Dayor Piersson ◽  
Wiam Elshami ◽  
Alberta Naa Afia Adjei ◽  
Klenam Dzefi-Tettey ◽  
Philip N. Gorleku
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Preclinical Phase

Falls are an important clinical, socioeconomic, and public health problem in the older adult population. Advancing age is a major risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The preclinical phase of AD, which is regarded as an important window for early therapeutic intervention before the onset of MCI and subsequently AD, can serve as a critical period to reduce or prevent falls among elderly people at risk of AD. In this chapter, first, a discussion is provided on the degrees of fall-related injuries, pain, and severity of falls in elderly people at risk of AD. Secondly, a discussion is provided on the clinical, socioeconomic, and public health implications of falls. Studies that integrated neuroimaging techniques were also reviewed to identify brain biomarkers that can be targeted for the prevention of falls among the elderly. It is anticipated that the outcome of this chapter may have a critical role in the prevention of falls among elderly people at risk or suffering from AD.

scholarly journals THE TRIAL-READY COHORT FOR PRECLINICAL/PRODROMAL ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (TRC-PAD) – A FUNDAMENTAL ALLY IN AD PREVENTION RESEARCH

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
A.P. Porsteinsson ◽  
E.D. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Clinical Benefits

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains one of our greatest unmet medical needs, without any approved disease-modifying therapies. The emotional and financial burden of AD is enormous and predicted to grow exponentially with increasing median population age, posing a major public health problem. The potential to prevent or improve cognitive decline due to AD has important implications. There are medications currently approved for symptomatic treatment of AD, but they have limited clinical benefits and do not change the ultimate trajectory of the disease. The need to find effective treatments for AD that can prevent, slow, arrest, or even reverse the disease is ever more urgent and interventions that delay the symptomatic onset of AD would have a major public health impact (1).

scholarly journals Repurposing Licensed Drugs for Use Against Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Leslie C. Norins
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Approved Drugs

Substantial evidence, composed of drug mechanisms of action, in vivo testing, and epidemiological data, exists to support clinical testing of FDA-approved drugs for repurposing to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Licensed compound investigation can often proceed at a faster and more cost-effective manner than un-approved compounds moving through the drug pipeline. As the prevalence of AD increases with life expectancy, the current rise in life expectancy amalgamated with the lack of an effective drug for the treatment of AD unnecessarily burdens our medical system and is an urgent public health concern. The unfounded reluctance to examine repurposing existing drugs for possible AD therapy further impedes the possibility of improving the quality of patient lives with a terminal disease. This review summarizes some evidence which exists to suggest certain already-approved drugs may be considered for the treatment of AD and will perhaps encourage physicians to off-label prescribe these safe therapeutics.

scholarly journals Alzheimer in the City

OCL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. D402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Dartigues
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Curative Treatment ◽  
Family Associations ◽  
The City

Alzheimer’s disease was described in 1906, but it was only in 1987 that it was recognized as a public health problem with the actions of patient family associations. Despite successive Alzheimer plans, it remains a neglected and under-diagnosed disease. The lack of curative treatment and a clash of views between general practitioners and specialists explain these findings. Paradoxically, despite this neglect, Alzheimer’s disease is receding in the city. This is the proof that prevention is possible.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: rising global burden and forecasted trends

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Syed Fahad Javaid ◽  
Clarissa Giebel ◽  
Moien AB Khan ◽  
Muhammad Jawad Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Background: The burden associated with Alzheimer’s disease is recognized as one of the most pressing issues in healthcare. This study aimed to examine the global and regional burden of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Methods: Epidemiological data from the latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) dataset were analysed to determine the prevalence, incidence and mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 for 204 countries and world regions. This dataset derives estimates for health metrics by collating primary data from research studies, disease registries and government reports. Temporal forecasting was conducted using the GBD Foresight tool. Results: An estimated 0.7% of the global population has dementia, translating to 51.6 million people worldwide. The total number of persons affected has more than doubled from 1990 to 2019. Dementia metrics showed a continuous increase in prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates worldwide during the last three decades. Japan has the highest prevalence (3,079 cases per 100,000), followed by Italy, Slovenia, Monaco, Greece and Germany. The prevalence is higher in high-income regions such as Western Europe compared to Asia and Africa. However, total number of affected individuals is substantial in South and East Asian regions, in particular China, Japan and India. Dementia related deaths are projected to increase from the current 2.4 million per year to 5.8 million by 2040. Women are more likely to be affected by dementia than men. Age-standardized rates have not changed indicating possible stability of risk factors. Conclusions: Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias are rising rapidly and will more than double in mortality burden over the next 20 years. The tremendous burden in high- and middle-income countries can potentially overwhelm communities and health systems. Urgent measures are needed to allocate funding and provide residential care for affected persons.

Neuropsychiatric Assessment and Intervention in Alzheimer's Disease

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The World ◽  
Eventual Death

Dementia is a major public health problem in the United States and the world, requiring the expenditure of enormous economic and human resources. Dementia is common in the elderly, and, as the size of the aged population increases, the number of dementia victims will rise. Many dementias are fatal, producing the gradual erosion of intellectual abilities and eventual death of the patient. Demands made on family members and caregivers of dementia patients are extraordinary and often result in their emotional and financial exhaustion. Although basic science efforts are devoted to finding a cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementing illnesses, there is an urgent need for research that has immediate applicability to the 4 million current dementia patients.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease according to anticholinesterase drug usage from 2012 to 2017 in the state of Paraná, Brazil

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 641
Author(s):  
Dayanna Hartmann Cambruzzi Mendes ◽  
Glaucia Renee Hilgemberg ◽  
Flavio Silva Posseti ◽  
Jéssica Wouk ◽  
Emerson Carraro
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Anticholinesterase Drug ◽  
State Rate

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a public health problem in Brazil due to the growing number of older adults in this population. Knowing the prevalence of AD in the Paraná state is essential to improve patients’ quality of life. The objective of the study was to estimate AD prevalence in the state of Paraná, based on the prescription of anticholinesterases, from 2012 to 2017. Methods: Patients diagnosed with AD, aged 60 years or over, who used Brazil’s Unified Public Health System (SUS) and received AD medication from the Department of Pharmaceutical Assistance of the state of Paraná, from 2012 to 2017, were the target population of the present study. The medication data were collected from the Computerized system management and Monitoring of Exceptional Drugs (SISMEDEX), and the population’s data were collected from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Results: The sample consisted of 52,687 patients, and the median prevalence of AD in the established period for the state was 642.6/100,000 inhabitants (0.64%). In all ages and macro-regions, women showed the highest prevalence rates. The median prevalence for women in the established period was 755.4/100,000 inhabitants (0.75%). Among men, the median prevalence was 510.2/100,000 inhabitants (0.51%). In the temporal analysis of prevalence, between 2012 and 2017, a reduction of 23% was found in the state rate. The prevalence rate of Paraná for AD is nine times lower than the Brazilian average. Conclusions: Paraná’s prevalence rate for AD is lower than the rates of Brazil and the world, suggesting that AD is underdiagnosed in most municipalities of this state.

scholarly journals VARIATION OF CLINICAL PATTERNS OF COVID-19 DISEASE IN CHILDREN IN THE FIRST YEAR OF PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Luminita Spatariu ◽  
◽  
Eugenia Buzoianu ◽  
A.M. Davitoiu ◽  
Sorina Chindris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Clinical Patterns

Introduction. SARS-CoV-2 infection has put humanity to the test since December 2019, quickly becoming a global public health problem. There is a significant difference between the pediatric population versus the adult population in terms of infection rate, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations. The study aimed to identify some patterns of clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population in “Dr. Victor Gomoiu“ Children’s Clinical Hospital in 2020, also following any possible variations between the first two waves of the pandemic. Materials and methods. The study was based on the descriptive observational analysis of two groups of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, corresponding to the two pandemic waves. Patients were classified into some clinical patterns, using the definition of suspected / confirmed case established by the National Institute of Public Health (INSP) and transmitted through the National Center for Surveillance and Control of Communicable Diseases (CNSCBT), as well as the recommendations of the international guidelines and protocols. Results. There are found to be present some mild clinical forms of the disease secondary to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, most children showing digestive symptoms. Starting with August (Group 2) there is a significant increase in the number of cases, as well as the appearance of a larger number of cases that associated respiratory symptoms. Conclusions. The study is showing the low impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in the pediatric population, compared to adults, especially in the first wave of the pandemic, the children having been considered “the hidden victims” of the pandemic, rather than its face. It is considered necessary the long-term monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infected children, as the remote consciousness of the infection having been incompletely elucidated. Analyzing the epidemiological data obtained in the study, we are concluding the need for some sustained global efforts to define, more clearly, the variations in the patterns of the presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, in the context of the evolution of the pandemic.

Is it All Said for NSAIDs in Alzheimer’s Disease? Role of Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 504-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Sanz-Blasco ◽  
Maria Calvo-Rodríguez ◽  
Erica Caballero ◽  
Monica Garcia-Durillo ◽  
Lucia Nunez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Amyloid Β Peptide ◽  
Aβ Oligomers ◽  
Mitochondrial Potential ◽  
Disease Modifying Drugs ◽  
Definitive Evidence

Objectives: Epidemiological data suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may protect against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Unfortunately, recent trials have failed in providing compelling evidence of neuroprotection. Discussion as to why NSAIDs effectivity is uncertain is ongoing. Possible explanations include the view that NSAIDs and other possible disease-modifying drugs should be provided before the patients develop symptoms of AD or cognitive decline. In addition, NSAID targets for neuroprotection are unclear. Both COX-dependent and independent mechanisms have been proposed, including γ-secretase that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and yields amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Methods: We have proposed a neuroprotection mechanism for NSAIDs based on inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ overload. Aβ oligomers promote Ca2+ influx and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload leading to neuron cell death. Several non-specific NSAIDs including ibuprofen, sulindac, indomethacin and Rflurbiprofen depolarize mitochondria in the low µM range and prevent mitochondrial Ca2+ overload induced by Aβ oligomers and/or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). However, at larger concentrations, NSAIDs may collapse mitochondrial potential (ΔΨ) leading to cell death. Results: Accordingly, this mechanism may explain neuroprotection at low concentrations and damage at larger doses, thus providing clues on the failure of promising trials. Perhaps lower NSAID concentrations and/or alternative compounds with larger dynamic ranges should be considered for future trials to provide definitive evidence of neuroprotection against AD.

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